326 ORIGIN OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 



for the sake of the seeds, which are a good fodder for 

 cattle, and which are also used by man. The expressions 

 of Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Cato, Varro, Pliny, etc., 

 quoted by modern writers, refer to the culture or to the 

 medical properties of the seeds, and do not show whether 

 the species was the white lupin, L. albus, or the blue- 

 flowered lupin, L. hirswtus, which grows wild in the 

 south of Europe. Fraas says * that the latter is grown in 

 tlie Morea at the present day ; but Heldreich says ^ that 

 L. albus grows in Attica. As this is the species which 

 has been long cultivated in Italy, it is probable that it is 

 the lupin of the ancients. It was much grown in the 

 eighteenth century, especially in Italy,® and de I'Ecluse 

 settles the question of the species, as he calls it Idvpinus 

 sativus alho flore.* The antiquity of its cultivation in 

 Spain is shown by the existence of four different common 

 names, according to the province ; but the plant is only 

 found cultivated or nearly wild in fields and sandy 

 places.® The species is indicated by Bertoloni in Italy, 

 on the hills of" Sarzana. Yet Caruel does not believe 

 it to be wild here, any more than in other parts of the 

 peninsula.'' Gussone' is very positive for Sicily — "on 

 barren and sandy hills, and in meadows (in herbidis)" 

 Lastly, Grisebach® found it in Turkey in Europe, near 

 Ruskoi, and d'Urville ^ saw it in abundance, in a wood 

 near Constantinople. Castagne confirms this in a manu- 

 script catalogue in my possession. Boissier does not men- 

 tion any locality in the East ; the species does not exist 

 in India, but Russian botanists have found it to the 

 south of the Caucasus, though we do not know with 

 certainty if it was really wild.^" Other localities will 

 perhaps be found between Sicily, Macedonia, and the 

 Caucasus. 



' S.ce Fraas, Fl. Class., p. 51 ; Lenz., Bot. der Alien, p. 73. 



' H( Idreioh, Nutzpflavzen Griechenlands, p. 69. 



' OKvier de Series, Theiire de I'Agric, edit. 1529, p. 88. 



< Clnsius, Hist. Plant, ii. p. 228. 



' Willkornm and Lange, Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 466. 



« Cninel, Fl. Toscana, p. 1.36. 



' Giissone, Fl. Siculce Sijn., pdit. 2, vol. ii. p. 40G, 



• Crisobach, Spicil. Fl. Rumel., p. 11. » D'Urville, Fnum., p. 86. 



'" Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 510. 



