2 QUADRUMANA, ; 
The Sponges and Infusorial Animalcules are familiar examples of this 
division. 
VERTEBRATES. 
The term Vertebrate is derived from the Latin word vertere, signifying a to 
turn” ; and the various bones that are gathered round and defend the spinal 
cord are named vertebrz, because they are capable of being moved upon each 
other in order to permit the animal to flex its body. 
MAMMALIA, 
The vertebrated animals fall naturally into four great classes. These four 
classes are termed MAMMALS, BIRDS, REPTILES, and FISHES,—their pre- 
cedence in order being determined by the more or less perfect development 
of their structure. 
QUADRUMANA ; 
OR, THE MONKEY TRIBE, 
The QUADRUMANOUS, or Four-handed animals, are familiarly known by 
the titles of Apes, Baboons, and Monkeys. nN 
The APES are at once distinguished from the other Quadrumana by the 
absence of those cheek-pouches which are so usefully employed as temporary 
larders by those monkeys which possess them; by the total want of tails, 
and of those callosities on the hinder quarters which are so conspicuously 
characteristic of the baboons. 
The first in order, as well as the largest of the Apes, is the enormous ape 
from Western Africa, the GORILLA. The first modern writer who brought 
the Gorilla before the notice of the public seems to be Mr. Bowdich, the 
well-known African traveller ; for it is evidently of the Gorilla that he speaks 
under the name cf Ingheena. The natives of the Gaboon and its vicinity use 
the name Gina, when mentioning the Gorilla. The many tales, too, that are 
told of the habits, the gigantic strength, and the general appearance of the 
Ingheena, are precisely those which are attributed to the Gorilla. 
The outline of the Gorilla’s face is most brutal in character, and entirely 
destroys the slight resemblance to the human countenance which the full 
form exhibits. As in the Chimpansee, an ape which is placed in the same 
genus with the Gorilla, the colour of the hair is nearly black; but in some 
lights, and during the life of the animal, it assumes a lighter tinge of greyish 
brown, on account of the admixture of variously coloured hairs. On the top 
of the head and the side of the cheeks it assumes a grizzly hue. The 
length of the hair is not very great, considering the size of the animal, and 
is not more than two or three inches in length. 
As to the habits of the Gorilla many conflicting tales have been told, and 
many have been the consequent controversies. In order to settle the disputed 
questions, Mr. Winwoode Reade undertook a journey to Western Africa, where 
he remained for a considerable time. After careful investigation, he sums 
up the history of the animal as follows :— 
“The ordinary cry of a Gorilla is of a plaintive character, but in rage it is 
a sharp, hoarse bark, not unlike the roar of the tiger. Owing to the negro 
propensity for exaggeration, I at first heard some very remarkable stories 
about the ferocity of the Gorilla ; but when I questioned the real hunters, I 
found them, as far as I could judge, like most courageous men, modest, and 
rather taciturn than garrulous. Their account of the ape’s feroc'ty scarcely 
bears out those afforded by Drs. Savage and Ford. They deny that the 
