36 BEE-KEEPING FOR PROFIT 
or supplying only half a sheet of foundation in 
the frames, for the bees will almost without 
fail build drone cells on these. 
Foundation is catalogued by all makers of 
bee-keeping appliances, but it should be ob- 
tained only from reliable sources, for one of 
its essentials is that it should be made from 
pure bees-wax thoroughly cleansed and steril- 
ized. Otherwise it may contain germs of 
brood disease. 
Old Foundation.—lf a stock of foundation 
should at any time be left in hand it is advisable 
that it should be slightly warmed before it is 
given for the use of the bees, for unless it 
is quite pliable the bees will reject it. 
Excluder Zinc.—It is impossible to work 
the bar-frame hive for profit without the aid of 
excluder zinc, for it is this useful appliance 
which prevents the queen from entering the 
supers and spoiling the surplus honey by laying 
her eggs in the comb. For the novice must 
learn at once that no honey should be extracted 
from combs which contain brood. 
The queen excluder should completely 
cover the open space above the brood nest 
before the super is placed over it. 
A new queen excluder is now on the market, 
made of hard wires strapped together, and 
