44 HAY AND FODDER. 
and body tissues. In some cases the ears, eyelids, lips 
and nose swell. In addition there is cerebral excitement, 
gnashing of the teeth, pain in the posterior region of the 
body, diarrhoea, and sometimes blood, bile and albumen 
in the urine. This disease is supposed to be caused by 
a substance to which the name ictrogen has been given. 
It is believed that ictrogen is produced by micro-organ- 
isms living on the Lupine leaves, and this theory is 
strengthened by the fact that while Lupines in some fields 
produce the disease, those of the same species in other 
locations are harmless. Lupinosis is very rare in Am- 
erica if, indeed, it ever occurs here. Dr. A. D. Knowles 
of Butte, Montana, had cases where some of the symp- 
toms were present in horses. 
In eastern North America only a few species of Lupine 
are found, L. perennis being most common, but in the 
west they are very plentiful. Rydberg lists 
eighty species from the plains and mountains. 
They grow most frequently on dry hillsides and are often 
cut for hay. When fed to animals it is essential that no 
seeds be included. 
They grow in tufts from a perennial root, and are 
easily recognized by the more or less wheel-shaped, pal- 
mately compound leaves, of entire, oblanceolate leaflets. 
The purple or whitish pea-shaped flowers are in loose 
spikes. The keel of the flower is scythe-shaped and 
pointed, and the filaments of the stamens are united to 
form a complete sheath about the ovary. The anthers are 
alternately oblong and roundish. The pod resembles 
that of the pea, and is often knotted by constrictions be- 
tween the seeds. 
Lupines are easily eradicated by cultivation, but their 
destruction in uncultivated land is impracticable where 
they are present in quantity. 
The Plant 
