78 PASTURE AND RANGE. 
utes of the time when the poison was eaten, but more 
often in two or three hours. 
Treatment is generally very difficult, owing to the 
rapidity and violence of the attack. In one case a cow 
was treated by opening the stomach as soon 
as symptoms were noticed, and removing the 
contents. This, together with a large enema of warm 
water and a drench of melted lard, produced a cure. 
* Potassium permanganate solution is recommended as a 
chemical antidote, as is also tannin, but their effective- 
ness is in dispute. Chloral hydrate and morphin injec- 
tions are useful for reducing the nervous symptoms and 
frenzy, the latter being preferable, perhaps, owing to. its 
more rapid action. 
Cicuta maculata L. is the most widely ‘distributed 
Water Hemlock in Canada, growing in moist locations 
probably across the continent. It is from two 
to six feet tall and crowned with large com- 
pound umbels of white flowers, which are later replaced 
by ellipsoid fruits with large oil tubes. The lower leaves. 
are large, and two or three times pinnate. The upper 
are smaller. All have long petioles, sheathing the stem 
completely at their insertion. The leaflets are lanceolate 
or oblong lanceolate and coarsely serrate. The stems 
are hollow, with solid partitions at the leaf nodes. The 
short, bulbous rootstock has many cross-partitions close- 
ly approximated, as may be seen by slicing it lengthwise 
through the centre. Around its base are smaller roots 
not unlike very small sweet potatoes in appearance. 
The Oregon Water Hemlock, Cicuta vagans G., is 
found in British Columbia, and the States to the south. 
It is of this species that Hedrick makes the statement 
that a piece of root the size of a walnut will kill a cow. 
Treatment 
The Plants 
