214 



INTRODUCTION TO ZOOLOGY 



The head bears, besides the proboscis, two large 



compound eyes, often a pair of simple eyes as well, 



and two long many-jointed antennae — club-shaped and smooth 



in butterflies (see Fig. 144, a, b, and c), tapering to a point 



and feathered in moths (see Fig. 144, d, e, f, and g). 



The metamorphosis is complete and very strik- 

 ment^ ing. The larval stage is known as the Caterpillar, 

 and it displays externally, even when full grown, 

 no signs of the organs which appear in the imago, some of 

 these becoming first apparent at the last change of skin 

 immediately preceding the pupal stage. The Fwpa is covered 

 by a firm outer skin or shell, formed from a chitinous secretion 

 which hardens its surface. 



The Lepidoptera are conveniently divided into two large 

 sub-orders — the Butterflies and the Moths. 



Butterflies (Bhopalocera). 



In Butterflies the antennae are long and usually club- 

 shaped, or are thickened just before the tip. In some of the 



latter cases, the actual tip 

 turns over to form a little 

 hook (Fig. 144, c). The 

 antennae are not hairy, 

 except occasionally at the 

 base. The form of the 

 antennae is one of the dis- 

 tinguishing marks be- 

 tween Butterflies and 

 Moths, but the general 

 appearance and habits of 

 the two groups also differ ; 

 butterflies have slighter 

 bodies and are more 

 brightly coloured as a 

 rule. They fly by day, 

 and when at rest the wings are in most cases held vertically, 

 though there are exceptions to this. The caterpillars of the 

 two groups are alike in general structure, but those of 

 butterflies pupate above ground. (Compare with Moths 

 p. 228.) 



-Antennae of Butterflies and 

 Moths. 

 Large White Butterfly; b, Purple Emperor 

 Butterfly ; c, Large Skipper Butterfly ; d, 

 Buff Tip Moth 9 ; d', Bufl' Tip Moth <5 ; 

 e, Grass Eggar Moth ; /, Emperor Moth ; 

 0, Burnet Moth. 



