[D] THE SCHOONER GRAMPUS. 445 



Iii the well every other frame is omitted, and here the floors are 

 worked with a quarter-round on their inside edges. 



The floor timbers are bolted throughout with 1-inch yellow-metal 

 bolts, which are driven through and clenched over composition rings 

 on the bottom of the keel. 



The stern frames are supported by "riders" of oak, which extend 4 

 or 5 feet up on the frames, and with the lower ends running down on the 

 ceiling. These riders are strongly bolted to the ceiling and counter 

 frames, as well as to the stem timbers. 



Keelsons. — There is no keelson in the well, but there is one forward 

 and one aft of it. These are made of hard pine, siding 10 inches, and 

 are bolted to second -floor timbers with 1-iuch yellow-metal; these bolts 

 go through the keel, and were clenched over composition rings before 

 the shoe was put on. 



Breast-hook. — The breast-hook is of oak, backed by a hackmatack knee 

 in its throat. It is strongly bolted with 1-inch and i|-inch galvanized 

 iron ; the bolts are clenched over rings. It extends diagonally from 

 below water-line to the deck. 



Deck frame. — The beams are of white oak ; they side from 7 to 9 inches 

 and mold 7 inches in center and 6 inches at the ends. The ends of the 

 beams are bolted to the clamps with Jinch iron bolts. The ledges and 

 carlines are of hard pine; they side 3J inches to 6 inches. The knees 

 are of hackmatack; they side 5 inches. The mast-beds and partners 

 are of hard pine, 10 inches thick, let down between beams 6 inches, and 

 let in on edge of beams 1 J inches. The edges which show above the deck- 

 plank have one quarter-round worked on them all around, forming a 

 raised panel on the deck. The windlass-bed, originally put into the 

 spaces between the beams forward of the foremast, was of hard pine 

 scantling, filled in flush with the beams and securely bolted to them. 

 To this, on the underneath side, was secured the engine for operating 

 the windlass.* 



Paivl-bitt. — The original pawl-bitts are of white oak, each 8 inches by 

 8 inches, and 3 feet 6J inches high, separated so as to receive the heel 

 of the bowsprit above the deck, and filled in above the bowsprit with 

 white oak bolted through the bitts, coming to within about 10 inches 

 of the top, above which the edges are rounded. An additional pawl-bitt 

 5 inches by 12 inches, backed on forward side by an oak piece 8 inches 

 by 10 inches square on top, tapering to 6 inches by 4 inches at deck, 

 was put in after the removal of the steam windlass. The bitt itself is 

 about 19 inches abaft the other, while the backing piece is only 13 iuches 

 from it. There is an oak brace between the two 7 inches wide by 3 

 inches thick, rounded on upper side and placed 26 inches above deck. 



* When the steam windlass was removed and the engine taken out, it was neces- 

 sary, before putting in a wooden windlass, to remove this windlass-bed, and also to 

 put in an additional beam to support the pawl-bitt for the wooden windlass, the 

 position of which was about 19 inches abaft where the iron steam windlass was 

 placed. 



