Igo, CYPRESSES AND JUNIPERS 
ence that calls for no undue strain of the mental 
powers. Half ofthe Junipers tabulated here belong 
to a section called the Sabine, and the other half 
practically to a section called the Oxycedri. Upon 
the Sabine group there are two forms of leaf upon 
the same tree at an age of ten or twelve years— 
namely, the gossamer-looking, awl-shaped, needle- 
like, acicular young leaves, and the adult, appressed, 
Cypress-in-appearance foliage. Unfortunately for the 
peace of mind of many a casual observer, this golden 
guiding rule is broken in the case of the J. Recurva 
and its near relations, the Squamata and Procumbens, 
and for the reason that their leaves happen to be put 
on differently, not jointed at the base as are the 
Oxycedri, but appressed to the stem, as is the custom 
among the Sabine. 
Upon the Oxycedri group there only appear the 
juvenile and acicular representatives of leaf formation. 
Here is a clue that divides one half of the Junipers 
mentioned from the other half as clearly and surely 
as ever sheep were divided from goats, and thereby 
reduces numerically the difficulties of dissociating 
Junipers by one-half. 
The next or second point of observation is whether 
the leaves grow in groups or whorls of three, or in 
pairs placed oppositely on the stem. In all the 
Oxycedri group the leaves are found in whorls of 
three. In the Sabine group, the Virginiana, Sabina, 
and Excelsa, all three are in opposite pairs, and 
occasionally the Chinensis. In the others mentioned 
in the table, pp. 294-295—1.e. the Pachyphleea, 
Pheenicia, Wallichiana—they are in whorls of three, 
Other minor points of difference are to be sought 
for in the length of leaf, the apex of the appressed 
leaves, whether acute or obtuse, the margin of the 
leaves, whether light-coloured (as in the Chinensis), 
or without white rims (as in the J. Virginiana and 
