GLOSSARY 309 
Bracts (bractea =a thin plate, or leaf, of metal). An 
irregularly developed leaf at base of flower or fruit stalk. 
Note the bracts behind cone scales, which are Sometimes 
concealed and sometimes exserted, and of different 
lengths and shapes. , 
BREATHING-PORES. Vide STOMATA. 
Bup. Young folded-up-branch or flower. 
Bup Scares. The covering of winter buds. 
CaLLous (callosus = thick-skinned). Thick-shelled. 
CamBiuM. The sticky fluid between bark and wood of 
exogenous trees when new wood is forming. 
CaRINATE (carina = keel). Shaped like the keel of a boat. 
Vide BOAT-SHAPED, KEELED. 
CaRTILAGINOUS (cartilago = gristle). Like  gristle. A 
description often applied to the apex of leaves of Conifers. 
Citrate (cilium = eyelash). Fringed with hairs, like the 
young leaf of a beech tree. 
Circa (circa = round about). To describe ‘‘ or thereabouts.” 
CHLOROPHYLL (chloros = pale green; phyllon = leaf). The 
green granular colouring matter below the surface of 
plants. 
Crapos (Gk. clados = branch). Cladodes, or Phylloid shoots.. 
Vide PuyLioips, term applied to the herbaceous growths 
arising from the axil of the scale-like leaves of the Japanese 
Umbrella Tree, Sciadopitys Verticillata. 
CoLuMNAR (columen = an eminence; columna = a pillar), 
Shaped like acolumn. Strict shape of a column vertical. 
Section Cuneate, horizontal circular. 
ComB-SHAPED. Vide PECTINATE. 
Cone (Gk. conos = peak). The fruit of Conifers, and made 
up of overlapping scales. Synonym Strobile. 
ConicaL. Shaped like a cone, t.e. with vertical section 
triangular and pointed, and horizontal section and 
base circular, or of a form gradually tapering down at 
one end. 
CorracEeous (corium = leather). Leathery. 
Corxy (cortex = rind or bark). Having the texture of cork. 
Syn. Suberose, Corky (Suber = Cork Tree). 
CoRRUGATED (ruga = wrinkle). Applied to a surface falling 
and rising at parallel angles in wavy ridges. A term used 
