320 GLOSSARY 
UNDULATE (unda = a wave of thesea). Waved on the surface. 
UninopaL. Vide Nove. , 
VALVATE (valva = the leaf of a folding door). United by the 
margins only. Meeting at the edges. Opening by 
valves like a shell. 
VENTRAL. The facial or upper-leaf arrangement on stem, 
as opposed to the dorsal or lower, and also the lateral 
* leaf arrangerhent. Vide DoRSO-vVENTRAL. 
VERTICAL (vertex = any point or summit). Rising in a 
perpendicular direction. 
VERTICILLATUS (Verticil = diminutive of vortex). Arranged 
round in a ring or whorl. Vide WuoRLS. 
V-sHAPED. Applied to arrangement of leaves in some of the 
Abies, which leave a gap in the centre on upper side of 
branchlet, leaving a space in the shape of the letter. 
WHORLS (by form of whirl). Where there are more than two 
growths of branchlets, flowers, or leaves, borne in a 
circle from same nodes or joints. 
