ROOTS 37 
The distinction between (b) and (c) is more evident when the 
section has been exposed to the air for a few minutes and changed 
somewhat in color. 
47. Structure and Contents of a Fleshy Root. — In some 
fleshy roots, such as the beet, the morphology of the parts 
is rather puzzling, since they form many layers of tissue 
in a single season, showing on the cross-section of the root 
a series of layers 
which look a little 
like the annual 
rings of trees. 
The structure of 
the turnip, radish, 
carrot, and parsnip 
is simpler. 
Cut a parsnip 
across a good deal 
below the middle, and 
stand the cut end in 
eosin solution for 
twenty-four hours. 
Then examine by 
slicing off successive 
portions from the 
upper end. Sketch 
some of the sections A, root-hairs with adhering bits of sand; e, epi- 
thus made. Cut one dermis; s, thin-walled, nearly globular, cells of 
5 aie ies bark; b, hard bast; c, cambium; w, wood-cells; 
parsnip lengthwise 
d, ducts. 
and sketch the section 
obtained. Jn what portion of the root did the colored liquid rise 
most readily? The ring of red marks the boundary between the 
cortical portion and the central cylinder. To which does the main 
bulk of the parsnip belong? Cut thin transverse sections from an 
ink-stained parsnip and in those sections that show it, find out where 
Fic. 19. Much Magnified Cross-Section of a 
very Young Dicotyledonous Root. 
