CHAPTER XVIII 
THE STUDY OF TYPICAL FRUITS 
214. A Berry, the Tomato.!— Study the external form of the 
tomato, and sketch it, showing the persistent calyx and peduncle. 
Cut a cross-section at about the middle of the tomato. Note 
the thickness of the epidermis (peel off a strip) and of the wall of 
the ovary. Note the number, size, form, and contents of the cells 
of the ovary. Observe the thickness and texture of the partitions 
between the cells. Sketch. 
Note the attachments of the seeds to the placentas and the gelati- 
nous, slippery coating of each seed. 
The tomato is a typical berry, but its structure presents fewer 
points of interest than are found in some other fruits of the same 
general character, so the student will do well to spend a little more 
time on the examination of such fruits as the orange or the lemon. 
215. A Hesperidium, the Lemon. — Procure a large leinon which 
is not withered, if possible one which still shows the remains of the 
calyx at the base of the fruit. 
Note the color, general shape, surface, remains of the calyx, knob 
at the portion formerly occupied by the stigma. Sketch the fruit 
about natural size. Examine the pitted surface of the rind with 
the magnifying glass and sketch it. Remove the bit of stem and 
dried-up calyx from the base of the fruit ; observe, above the calyx, 
the knob or disk on which the pistil stood. Note with the magnify- 
ing glass and count the minute whitish raised knobs at the bottom 
of the saucer-shaped depression left by the removal of the disk. 
What are they? 
1 Fresh tomatoes, not too ripe, are to be used, or those which have been kept 
over from the previous summer in formalin solution. The very smallest 
varieties, such as are often sold for preserving, are better for study than the 
larger kinds. 
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