BEECH FAMILY 61 
5. Q. Muhlenbergii Engelm. YeLLow Cuestnut Oak. A tree of 
medium or large size with gray bark. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, 
usually acute at the apex aud obtuse or rounded at the base, coarsely 
and evenly toothed; veins straight, impressed above and prominent 
beneath; petioles slender. Cup hemispherical, sessile or short-pedun- 
cled, with flat scales, } in. broad, inelosing about half the ovoid 
acorn, which is }-} in. long. Common on dry soil. Wood close-grained, 
durable, and valuable. 
6. Q. Prinus L. Swamp Cuestnur Oak. A large tree with brown, 
ridged bark. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, cre- 
nately toothed, minutely downy beneath; petioles slender, about 1 in. 
long. Cup hemispherical, peduncles longer than the petioles, scales 
acute, tubercular, appressed; acorn oblong, acute, 1 in. or less in 
length, edible. Common on low ground. Wood strong and valuable.* 
7. Q. virginiana Mill. Live Oak. A large tree with rough gray 
or brown bark and a low, spreading top. Leaves leathery, evergreen, 
oblong or oblanceolate, often somewhat 3-lobed on young trees, 
margin rolled under, dark green and shining above, pale below; 
petioles short, stout. Fruit often in short racemes, cup top-shaped, 
scales closely appressed, hoary, peduncles 3-1 in. long; acorn from 
subglobose to oblong, the longer form occurring on the younger 
trees. On low ground near the coast. Wood very hard and durable; 
valued for shipbuilding.* 
B. Fruit biennial; leaves entire or with bristle-pointed 
lobes. 
8. Q. rubra L. Rep Oak. A large tree. Leaves oval or obovate, 
green above, pale and slightly downy beneath; sinuses shallow and 
rounded, lobes 8-12, taper-pointed; petioles long. Cups saucer-shaped, 
with fine scales; acorn ovate or oblong, about 1 in. long. Common; 
wood not valuable; leaves turning red after frost and often remain- 
ing on the tree through the winter. 
9. Q. velutina Lam. Brack Oak. A large tree with rough, dark 
brown outer bark and thick, bright yellow inner bark. Leaves broadly 
oval, usually cut more than halfway to the midrib, sinuses rounded ; 
lobes about 7, sharply toothed at the apex, smooth above, usually 
downy on the veins beneath; cup hemispherical or top-shaped, with 
coarse scales, short-peduncled, inclosing about half the roundish 
acorn. Common; wood not valuable, but the inner bark used for 
tanning and dyeing.* 
10. Q. falcata Michx. SpanisH Oak. A small or medium-sized 
tree with leaves 3-5-lobed at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base, 
grayish-downy beneath, lobes lanceolate and often scythe-shaped, 
