VIOLET FAMILY 161 
67. VIOLACEA. Vio_er F amity 
Herbs, with simple, alternate leaves, with stipules. Calyx 
of 5 persistent sepals. Corolla of 5 petals, somewhat zygo- 
morphic; one petal with a spur. Stamens 5, short, the fila- 
ments often united around the pistil (Fig. 24£). Style generally 
club-shaped, with a one-sided stigma, with an opening leading 
to its interior. Pod 1-celled, splitting into 3 valves, each bear- 
ing a placenta. The seeds are often dispersed by the sphtting 
of the elastic valves (Fig. 24). 
Fig. 24. Viola tricolor 
A, stamens and pistil; B, pistil with stamens removed; (’, stamen: D, pod 
split open. a, anther; c, connective; wa, nectarial appendage of stamen; 
0, orifice in stigma; ov, ovary; s, stigma. (4, 6, and C considerably 
magnified) 
VIOLA L. 
Sepals ear-like at the base. Some of the petals often 
bearded within, thus affording a foothold for bees, the lowest 
one with a spur at the base. Stamens not very much united, 
the two lowermost with spurs which reach down into the spur 
of the lowest petal. Many species bear inconspicuous apeta- 
lous flowers later than the showy ordinary ones, and produce 
most of their seed from these closed, self-fertilized flowers. 
§ 1. Apparently stemless perennials 
1. V. pedata L. Birp-Foot VioLet, HorsesHore VIOLET, Sand 
VioLer. Rootstock stout, upright, not scaly. Leaves roundish, 
all palmately 5-9-parted into linear or linear-lanceolate divisions. 
Flowers showy, about 1 in. broad, pale violet to whitish; petals not 
bearded. Dry fields and hillsides. 
