87 
sepals or petals and so on). But, this can by no means be laid down as a 
general proposition ; it can only be maintained in cases where we have evidence 
to that effect. GorTHn’s lines should, therefore, be explained in the sense that 
when an entity, which could be a foliage leaf if conditioned to that effect, is 
conditioned to become a floral leaf, it appears as the latter. This implies 
undoubtedly the basic identity of the foliage and the floral leaf. 
‘In § 32, he proceeds as follows :— 
@ 32. DaS die Blatter des Kelches eben dieselbigen Organe seien, welche sich 
bisher als Stengelblitter ausgebildet sehen lassen, nun aber oft in sehr verinderter 
Gestalt um einen gemeinschaftlichen Mittelpunct versammlet stehen, lisst sich, wie 
uns diinkt, auf das deutlichste nachweisen. 
The above quotation is very interesting. The first half asserts on the one 
hand that a sepal and a leaf are one and the same thing and thereby points 
out the idea of the universal foundation of all vegetable organs. But the 
second half, on the other hand, recognizes the difference between a sepal and 
a leaf and expresses the idea of the particular manifestations of the organs ; 
and the whole sentence unites the two ideas, i. e. universal foundation and 
particular manifestation into perfect oneness. In this case, and in all the 
other cases as well, we must not think of foundation and manifestation as 
separate and one after another, but must consider them as united and simul- 
taneous in oneness. Here we see, in the above case, the unity of universal 
foundation and particular manifestation. ‘“Dieselbige Organe” in the above 
lines mean that the very same real entity, which becomes a ‘“ Kelchblatt : 
when conditioned to be such, becomes a “Stengelblatt” when conditioned 
to appear as such. We can not decide whether it is either ‘ Stengelblatt’ or 
“ Kelchblatt,” unless it is definitely ascertained to be one or the other. The 
above quotation is, therefore, not to be understood so as to mean that a 
sepal is changed from a foliage leaf; but, it explains the unity of the foliage 
leaf and the sepal. 
In § 33, GorTHE compares the verticillate arrangement of sepals and 
cotyledons (of the Conifers) and discusses the unity of the two. Viewed from 
the stand-point of modern systematic botany and morphology, the resemblance 
of the two (cotyledons and sepals) is not regarded as a token of a real 
