103 
In the inflorescence and flowers, the relation of the Julianiacese and Fagacaze 
is evident. The male inflorescence, the male flowers and pollen of Juliania 
adstringens are closely alike in texture, structure and form, to the corresponding 
parts in certain species of Quercus. The presence of several female flowers in a 
closed involucre is a characteristic of Juliania and Fugus, Castanea and Castanopsis. 
The seeds of both Juliania and the Fagacez are exalbuminate, and the cotyledons 
are epigeous in germination. If we lay great stress upon the characters of 
the reproductive organs in which there is agreement or similarity between the 
Julianiaceew and Fagacee, or between the former family and Juglandaces, then 
the Julianiacese should be placed between the Juglandaces and Fagacee. On 
the other hand, if the anatomical characters are to be credited with superior 
value in classification, then the Julianiacese should be placed next to the 
Anacardiacese. Thus, the family may be put near the Juglandacesx according 
to one view ; but according to the other, it comes close to the Anacardiacess 
and is widely separated from the Juglandaces. 
Salicacese” (Salicales): This group is closely related to the Batidaces: in 
having a dimerous gyneceum, and also to the Myricaceew and Juglandacee in 
having nearly naked or apetalous flowers. But on the other hand, the close 
relation of the Salicaceze and Tamaricaces” (which stand far apart from the other, 
so far as the present system is concerned) is incontestable; the gyneceum, 
placentas, ovules, fruits and seeds, or even anatomical characters such as 
perforation of vessels, are very much the same in both families. If the 
presence or absence of sepals and petals are to be credited with superior value 
in classification, then the Salicacere should be brought near the Myricacex, 
Juglandacez or some such group. But on the other hand, if we attach importance 
to the structure of ovary, ovules, fruits, seeds or anatomical characters, then 
the Salicaceze should find its place near the Tamaricaces of the Parietales. 
Ranunculacez” (Ranales): This group bears some resemblance to the 
Magnoliaces, Anonacee and Nympheaces in the inconstant number: of the 
stamens, in the apocarpous gynecea and in their spiral arrangement. It is 
1) Nat. PA-fam. IIL—1, p. 35. 2) Nat. Pa.-fam. II.—6, p. 291. 
3) Nat. PA-fam. IL—2, p. 54. 
