119 
words, characters, such aS valvate sstivation, reduced calyx or the like, found 
in both the Umbellifloree and Rubiales show that they are in the same stage 
of parallel advancement; while the polypetalous flowers in the former series 
indicate that it belongs to the same class as the Archichlamydemw, and the 
gamopetalous flowers of the latter series shows its attachment to the Metachla- 
mydes. This is a view that recognizes no relationship between the two 
series (Umbellifloree and Rubiales)®. On the other hand, according to another 
opinion which suggests some affinity between the Umbelliflore and the 
Rubiales, and therefore seems to me to be more thoughtful than the preceding 
one, the characters regarded by Enater as those denoting their parallel 
advancement would most probably be characters indicating a blood - relation- 
ship (like those of the second category) between the two series”. If this view 
be accepted, then such characters a3 polypetalous or gamopsetalous flowers 
which were regarded a little while ago as those denoting affinity are now in 
their turn to be taken as indicating a parallelism between the Rubiales and 
other series of the Metachlamydex such as the Ericales or Primulales. 
In § 3, be says” :— 
Zu einer Familie werden einerseits diejenigen Formen vereinigt, welche in allen 
wesentlichen Merkmalen des anatomischen Baues, der Blattstellung, des Bliiten- 
baues, der Sporenbildung oder der Frucht- und Samenbildung eine augenfillige Uber- 
einstimmung zeigen, wie z. B. die Bakteriaceen oder Stiibchenbakterien, die Lamellen- 
schwiimme oder Agaricaceen, die Armleuchtergewichse oder Characeen, die Polypodia- 
ceen, die Gramineen, die Iridaceen, die Orchidaceen, die Cruciferen, die Umbelliferen, 
die Borraginaceen, die Labiaten, die Compositen, — anderseits diejenigen Formen, welche 
zwar untereinander in einzelnen der genannten Verhiiltnisse Verschiendenheiten zeigen, 
aber doch durch ein gemeinsames Merkmal, sei es der Yellbeschaffenheit, des anato- 
mischen Baues, der Blite oder Frucht, verbunden sind. Hierbei erscheint die Zusam- 
mengehirigkeit um so sicherer, je mehr die Verschiedenheiten schrittweise auftreten. 
In the latter half of this sentence, it is stated that some groups are marked 
by a certain character, which is taken as the sole criterion, and by no other 
character. In this case, it can be easily understood that the group itself 
showing a natural relation is changeable and therefore dynamic. It shows a 
different aspect as to its limit and members, according to the criterion, for 
1) Evoxer, A. — Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (1912) p. XXVII. 
2) Nat. Pf.-fam. IV.—4, p. 13; Ill.—8, pp. 15 and 111. 
3) ENcrER, A.—l oc p. X 
