127 
Typen darstellen, welche frihz-itig den Weg der Sympetalie eingeschlagen haben. 
Beachtung verdient auch der Umstand, da3 bei dem grégten Teil der Sympetalen, 
namentlich denen der letzen Reihen, die Samenanlagen durchweg mit nur einem 
Integument versehen sind, wihrend bei den Archichlamydene und den ersten Reihen 
der Sympetalen mit einem Integument versehene Samenanlagen seltener sind. 
The above statement plainly shows that: the relation of the Metachlamydeze 
and Archichlamydeae is not static, but dynamic, as it changes in agreement 
with the different points of view. Consequently, to group series into the two 
classes, Archichlamydexs and Metachlamydem, is quite right ; only, the grouping 
isin that respect limited. But, in another respect, it is not so. Some of the 
Archichlamydes are nearer to some of the Metachlamydex than they are to others 
of the former class, in characters other than their choripetalous flowers. At the same 
time, some of the Metachlamydez are much nearer to some of the Archichlamydes 
than to some of the former class, in characters other than their gamopstalous nature. 
The Dichapetalaces"? (Geraniales), Salvadoraces” (Sapindales), Fouquieriaces 
(Parietales), Passifloracese (Parietales), Achariaces” (Parietales), Oleacess” 
(Ebenales) and Rubiaces (Rubiales) may be mentioned as illustrating the 
above statements. The former families might properly be referred to the 
respective series (as given in parentheses) of the Archichlamydes according to 
one view; but, at the same time, they might be properly assignable to the 
respective series of the Metachlamydes ; thus, the Salvadoraces to the Ebenales, 
the Fouquieriacess to the Tubiflore ; and the Passifloracess and Achariaces to 
the Cucurbitales. The Oleacese and Rubiacese might be properly referred to the 
respective series (as shown in the parentheses) of the Metachlamydex according 
to one view; but, at the same time, they are just as properly assignable to 
the Archichlamydex, e. g. the Oleacew to the Sapindales, and the Rubiaces 
to the Umbellifloree. Which-ever may be the case, it is all right in that way 
of looking at it, but it is so only in that way. It certainly shows one of the 
natural relations. But the real natural relations are only seen by viewing 
their changeableness according to different criteria. That is to say natural 
relations are only demonstrative in what I call the dynamic system. 
1) Nat. Pfl-fam. IIL—4, p. 347. 2) Nat. Pfl-fam. IV.—2, p. 18. 
3) Lc. Nacht. IIL p. 228, Nacht. I. pp. 251 and 368. 
4) 1. « II.—6, a, p. 78. 5) 1c. Nacht. I p. 257. 
6) Le. IV.—2 p.4. 
