128 
To sum up what we have so far discussed, ENGLER’s principles are those 
of the present static system, but the facts so far he has given them plainly 
show that the latter system is not qualified to express all the natural relations 
and that it should be a dynamic system that we ought to contemplate. 
b. EINGLER’S EXPLANATION OF THE SYNOPSIS OF THE 
EMBRYOPHYTA SIPHONOGAMA”. 
Here let us consider at some length what we have discussed in the foregoing 
pages. ENGLER refers in p. 359 in his work to the calazogamy and states that 
it has no great systematic value, the only reason for this being that it does 
not come in correlation with other characters. In my judgement, however, 
various behaviors of pollen-tubes in different plants show some relations in 
that respect; this ought to be taken into the consideration in classification. 
It may prove to be inconvenient in the static system, but it does no harm 
in making a dynamic system. Then, he refers to VaN TYIEGHEM’s system”, 
and puts no great importance on it. But I think that Van TrmcHEm’s system 
is right in that respect, although in that respect only. In a dynamic system 
it would be regarded as an important phase. 
As to the Monocotyledons”, he makes the following statement” : — 
ich habe gezeigt, dass unter den Monokotyledoneen zuntichst Reihen existieren, 
bei denen in der Zahl der Bliitenteile Unbestiindigkeit herrscht, wiLrend andere voll- 
stiindige oder reducierte pentacyklische Bliiten besitzen. Anf der ersten Stufe stehen 
diejenigen Reihen, bei welchen noch vollkommen achlamydeische Bliiten vorkommen. 
Es sind dies die Pandanales, Helobie und Glumiflora. 
Thus, he divides the Monocotyledons into two, according as whether the 
number of the floral elements is definite or indefinite. This is indeed one way 
of dividing, yet there are many others. Their natural relations will not be 
understood, till we divide and group them in several different ways. To learn 
1) Evyerer, A. —Erlijuterungen zu der Ubersicht fiber die Embryophyta siphonogama, in 
der Natiirl. Pfl-fam. Nacht. I pp. 358-380, (1897). 
2) Renpuz, A. B.— The Classification of Flowering Plants, I. p. 25, (1904). 
3) Here I must call readers’ attention to the fact that there are some indications of a 
second cotyledon in certain of the grasses, such as Zizania, Avena, ete. —Jerrney, E. C.—The 
Anatomy of Woody Plants (Chicago, 1917) p. 377. 
4) Enerzr, A. — Erliuterungen, 1. c. p. 360. 
