135 
understand the natural relations between the different series of the Dicotyledones, 
each of the latter should be viewed in every possibly different light, and divided 
and grouped according to every possible means. This is what I intend to 
show in my dynamic system. 
As to the criteria for classifying the Archiclamydes, ENGLER says as 
follows :°— 
Fiir die Anordnung der Reihen innerhalb der Archichlamydew sind vorzugsweise 
die Ausbildung der Blitenhiillen, der Bliitenachse und die Anordnung der Bliiten- 
phyllome maggebend;........ 
In a word, his system is one that shows here a partial relation between 
family A and family B; and there another partial relation between family B 
and family D, mostly according to the criterion of flowers. Now, we shall 
look at the matter series by series. 
Beginning with the Verticillate, ENGLER places the series” at the com- 
mencement of the Dicotyledones. It is closely allied to the Gnetales, as can be 
seen in the agreement in the course of the vascular bundles in Ephedra and 
Casuarina”. The resemblance is still greater in the structure of stomata and 
in the development of embryo. On the other hand, if chalazogamy which is 
found in the Casuarinacess, Juglandaces, Betulacese and certain Urticaces” is 
taken into consideration, the Verticillate: seem to have some alliance with the 
Juglandales and Fagales. Furthermore, the Verticillates seem to bear some 
resemblance to the Fagales and in all probability to the Ericacex”. Its 
natural position, therefore, is not a settled one, but should be a dynamic one. 
As to the Piperales, our knowledge is not yet sufficient to decide the 
relations between this series and others. 
Next, Enener places the Salicales» between the Piperales and the 
Garryales; but the view is, as far as my knowledge extends, entirely one- 
sided. A close relation of this series and the Parietales is not to. be 
disputed, when we see, on comparing the Salicacess” and Tamaricaces, their 
1) Enezer, A. —Erliuterungen, 1. ¢. p. 362. 
2) Enerer, A. — Erliuterungen, 1. c. p. 3°2. 
3) Nat. Pfl-fam. IIL—1, p. 18, and Nacht. IZ. p. 92. 
4) Jerrrey. E. C.—The Anatomy of Woody Plants, (Chicago, 1917) p. 376. 
5) Jerrrey, E. C.—1l ec. p. 385. 6) Enexrr, A. — - Erliuterungen, lu p. 362. 
7) Nat. Pé.-fam. IT.—1, p. 35. 
