138 
in so far as the chalazogamy itself or its transition to the porogamy found in 
the two series is concerned; and also in all probability to the Evicaces in 
the anatomical characters”. Its position should, therefore, be shifted from 
one place to another, according to each one of its natural relations- 
Next, follows the Urticales®. The affinity of this series to the Verticillate, 
Juglandales and Fagales has been pointed out before. 
Here also Encuer puts the Proteales; as to this series, our knowledge 
is as yet very limited; the only relation that is thus far known to us is to 
the Santalales, as the Proteacesze and Loranthacess” show some agreement in 
the perianth-lobes and in the androeceum. 
Next, come the Santalales” according to ENGLER’s system. He places this 
series here in a fixed position, but its rather complicated relation to other series 
clearly indicates the mutability of its natural position according to the view 
taken of it. Thus, the affinity of this series to the Proteales, as has been 
mentioned, is clear, Then, the resemblance borne by the Santalales to the 
Conifers or tothe Gnetaces is so very striking that it not only presents 
external analogy, but also suggests many morphological relations». Moreover, 
to some extent it approaches the Sapindales, as the Olacacesw” and Icacinaces 
show a perfect similarity in their fruits and external features. Further, it 
bears also some resemblance to the Rosales, as can be seen in the Grubbiaces” 
and Hamamelidacess which show agreement in their wood-anatomy. Certain 
of the Santalales (Balanophoracew)” are, by some authors, compared with the 
Myrtifloree from the view that Cynomorium (Balanoph.) and Hippuris (Halorrhag.) 
show some resemblance in their bisexual flowers. Finally, the relationship of 
the Santalales and Rhamnales is recognizable, when we compare the Loran- 
thaces and Vitaces, taking the calyculus of the Loranthacese or Viscum for 
a reduced calyx. Thus, the Santalales is related to the Proteales, Conifers, 
Sapindales, Rosales, Myrtiflore and finally to the Rhamnales, Its natural 
position is, therefore, changeable from one place to another, so that it should 
1) Werrtsrury, R. R.—1 & p. 501. 2) Jurrrny, E. C.—I1.¢ p. 385. 
3) Enausn, A. — Erliuterungen, 1. ¢. p, 363.: 4) Nat. PA.-fam. IL—1, p. 176. 
5) Eyauer, A. — Exliuterungen, 1. vo. p. 363. 6) Nat. Pfl-fam. IIT.—1, p. 211. 
7). Nat. Pfl.-fam. IIL—1, p. 233. 8) Nat, Pfl-fam, IIL—1, p. 229. 
9) Nat. Pfl.-fam. III.—1, p. 249. 
