139 
be placed close to the Proteales at one time, but brought near the Rhamnales 
at another. 
‘Then, Encuer refers to the Aristolochiales”. This series must certainly 
be directly related to the Metachlamydes when the prominence at the apex 
of the inferior ovary of Aristolochia is, as I should think proper, taken for a 
reduced calyx and the gamophyllous perianth is, as a consequence, regarded 
as a corolla. Further, it is related to the Sarraceniales, as can be seen from 
the agreement in the Aristolochiacess and Nepenthaceer” in the perianth, 
in the extrorse anthers, in the many-seeded carpels and in the lobes 
of the stigmata. Moreover, the resemblance of this series to Ranales™ 
is undeniable, as the extrorse anthers, placentas, seeds, and secretory-cells are 
found in some families of both series. The natural position of the Aristolo- 
chiales can not be fixed here. It should be in some place among the 
Metachlamydes at one time, but at another time among the Archichlamydes 
near to the Ranales or the Sarraceniales. 
Then follow the Polygonales®. As to this series, we know but little 
about its relation to others. As far as we are aware, it is related to the 
Centrosperme, as some analogous points are found in the Polygonaces and 
Amarantacese”. 
After explaining the portions of- his system thus far referred to, ENGLER 
state :— 
Wein oben gesagt wurde, dass einzelne Reihen morphologische 
weiter vorgeschritten seien, als andere, dass andererseits gewisse 
Reihen, wie z. B, die Fagales und Urticales auf der gleichen morpho- 
logischen Stufe stehen, so ist dennoch eine jede dergenannten Reihen 
als eine selbstindige Pflanzengruppe anzusehen, welche in keiner 
Weise von einer der anderen abgeleitet werdenkann Ebenso wenig 
ist irgend welcher Grund zu der Annahme vorhanden, dass eine 
dieser Reihen der Ausgangspunkt fiir eine der folgenden Reihen 
gewesen ist. Finden sich in den Reihen Formen, welche einen niheren Anschluss 
1) Evoren, A.— Exliuterungen, 1. c. p. 363.2) Nat. Pfl.-fam. ‘IIL—2, p. 259. 
3) Wertstum, BR. .R.—l. c. p. 555. - 4) Eyerur, A.— Erlduterungen, |. c. p. 364. 
5) Nat. Pfl.-fam. Ill.—1, a, p. 8. 6) Enc.er, A. — Exliuterungen, 1. c. p. 3€4. 
* The relation also exists between the Aristolochiaceze and Nymphaeacez, as can be seen in 
the serum-reactions in the both families. Cf. Mz, C. and Lanes, L. — Serodiagnostische Unter- 
suchungen tiber die ‘Verwandtschaft innerhalbe der seta: sult der Ranales (Beitr. L. ; Baal, a 
Pflanzen, 12. pp. 218—222). 
