151 
Next, come the Myrtiflore. We have thus far referred to the relation 
which this series bears to the Ranales, Rosales, Parietales, and Geraniales. 
Further, the connection of the Myrtiflores with the Umbelliflore is shown in 
the araliaceous genera with numerous anthers and carpels. The position of 
the series should, therefore, be dynamic. 
Finally, at the end of the Archichlamydese comes the Umbelliflore. Their 
relations to the Santalales, Parietales, Rosales, Myrtiflore, Rhamnales have been 
discussed under each heading. Further connection is to be found in the 
Rubiales, as can be seen in a comparison of the Araliacess with the Adoxaces” $ 
and of the Umbelliferee with the Rubiacee”, in having 5-stamens in one 
whorl, in the 2-celled inferior ovary, and especially in the fruit of the 
Psychotriee and the Pzderiee (Jusstev, C. Dz CANDOLLE). According to 
different views, the Umbelliflore are related all the way from the Santalales up 
to the Rubiales. Thus their position should be a dynamic one. 
Now, we arrive at the other subclass Metachlamydex, concerning which 
ENGLER says? :— 
Beziiglich der Sympetalen sind schon mehrfach Zweifel daran getiugert worden, 
dass dieselben monophyletisch seien; das ist auch gewiss nicht der Fall; aber ebenso 
sicher ist auch, dass die Reihen der Sympetalen nicht gewissermagen als Fortsetzung 
der Reihen der Archich'amylea: anzusehen sind. ............ Die Unterklasse der 
Metachlamydece oder Sympetale: umfasst also solche Familien, bei denen das gemein- 
same vereinte Emporwachsen der Blumenblattanlagen die Regel geworden ist. 
The Metachlamydezx are, therefore, a complex of families which agree only in 
having the gamophyllous corolla, but differ from one another in other 
characters. Consequently, when grouped according to a criterion other than 
the gamophyllous corolla, some of the Metachlamydeze should be united with 
some of the Archichlamydex, and as a result, we have quite different groups 
in the place of the two subclasses named. The natural relation is really and 
solely made comprehensible by such an alteration of grouping; but never in 
the artificial (though so-called natural) static system, which does not admit 
of the co-existence of any another system. 
As to the position of the Ericales® and Primulales®, ENGLER says :— 
1) Evyotrr, A.—1. cv. p. 369. 2) Nat. Pfl-fam. IV.—4, p. Ty 
3) Lo. IV.—4, p. 18. 4) Encrer, A. — Erliuterungen, Le p, 369. 
5), 6) Eneuer, A.—1. c, p. 369. 
