152 
Naturgemi3 gehéren an den Anfang der Sympetalen die beiden Reihen der Eri- 
cales und Primulales, bei welchen noch getrennte Blumenblitter vorkommen, und 
noch 2 Staubblattkreise typisch sind, wihrend bei den tibrigen Reihen mit Ausnahme 
der Elenales stets nur noch ein Staubblattkreis entwickelt wird. 
This is, indeed, true in that respect, but only in that respect; in other respects, 
it is not true. This we shall see presently. The relation of the Ericales to the 
Verticillate, Fagales, Parietales, and to the Sapindales is incontestable, as hag 
been shown above. Besides, the Ericales are allied to the Campanulate, as can 
be seen in the agreement of the Ericaces"” and the Campanulaces in the inser- 
tion ofthe stamens. Further, its relation to the Primulales” is manifest in the 
similarity of the Schizocoden (Diapens.) and Soldanella (Primulaces). Thus, 
the Ericales stand in different relations to the Parietales, the Sapindales, the 
Primulales and even to the Campanulate respectively. Their natural position 
cannot to be fixed at the beginning of the Metachlamydesw; they may be 
placed among the Archichlamydes in one respect, but according to another 
view may be among the Metachlamydex close to the Campanulate. 
The relations of the next series, the Primulales, to the Sapindales and to 
the Ericales have been discussed. The connection of the series with the 
Plumbaginales” is manifest in the agreement of the three following families, 
the Primulacez, the Myrsinaces and the Plumbaginacez in the floral diagram, 
in the five-carpelled, one-celled ovary with a basal placenta and in the double- 
coated ovules. That the Primulales are related to the Tubiflorz will be seen 
in the agreement of the Primulacese and Lentibulariaces® in the central 
placenta. Further, some connection with the Primulales may be found in the 
Ebenales, as the Myrsinaces” agree with the Sapotaces in the floral diagram. 
That the Primulales are, therefore, in one respect or another related to the 
Sapindales and thence all the way up to the Plumbaginales is evident, even 
80 far as our present limited knowledge is available. Its natural position should, 
at any rate, be dynamic. 
Next, in his syllabus Excuer places the Plumbaginales® and then the 
Ebenales?. The real natural relations of the latter series are with the Primulales, 
1) Nat, Pfl-fam. IV.—1, p. 30. 2) lu IV.—1, p. 81. 
3) Nat. Pfl-fam. IV.—1, pp. 104 and 121. 
4) lu IV.—3, b, p. 117. 5) lu IV.—4, p. 87. 
6) Enexen, A.— Syllabus 1. c. p. 296. 7) Eneuer, A.— Erliuterungen, J. ¢. p. 370. 
