153 
Ranales, Parietales, and Sapindales, as shown in the discussions thus far. Its 
position is, therefore, cannot be so definitely determined as in ENGLER’s system, 
put should be changeable like the other series. 
Regarding the Contorte: ENGLER states” :— 
Die Reihe der Contorte ist keineswegs scharf von der folgenden umfangreichen 
Reihe der Tubiflora: zu unterscheiden ; aber, wie schon mehrfach betont, giebt bei der 
Aufstellung natiirlicher Verwandtschaftskreise nicht ein durchgreifendes Merkmal den 
Ausschlag, sondern es handelt sich hauptsichlich um die Entwickelungstendenzen, 
welche in einer Sippe hervortreten. Als solche kinnen wir fiir die Contorte anfithren, 
dass die Abschnitte der Blumenkrone sich meistens contort decken und die Carpelle 
hiufig nicht vollstindig vereint sind. Keines dieser Merkmale ist durchgreifend. 
This statement proves that the Contortee imply various heterogenous families. 
Their relations to the other series are accordingly very complicated. The 
resemblance of the Contortee and the Sapindales has been indicated under the 
latter series. Their connection with the Tubifloree will be seen in the agree- 
‘ment of the Oleacese and: the Columelliacex”, in the woody structure, in the 
opposite exstipulate leaves and in the flowers with 2-stamens. The same is 
also observed in the greater or less resemblance between the Loganiacex” and 
the Solanacess (BAILLON), and between the Loganiaceze and the Scrophulariaces. 
Their relation to the Rubiales is very clear when we examine the connection 
of the Loganiaces with the Rubiacex and especially with Gdrtnera and Pogamea,® 
both of the latter family; and also the agreement of the Apscynaces” and 
Rubiacesw, in the stipule and in the opposite leaves. Finally their alliance to 
the Campanulate is manifested in the Gentianacese and Goodeniaces”, as can 
be seen in a comparison of Limnanthemum of the former family, with Velleia 
of the latter. The natural position of the series is, therefore, plainly dynamic. 
Then, ENGLER comes to refer to the Tubiflore. Their relations to the . 
Malvales, Parietales, Contortse, Primulales and Rhoeadales have already been 
pointed out. Also to the Rubiales, they bear some resemblance which is shown 
in the Bignoniacese and Henriqueziess of the Rubiacex®. Thus, the series is 
related to the Rheeadales and all the way up to the Rubiales in this point or 
that. Its position should, therefore, be dynamic. 
1) Encizr, A.—1. c. 370. 2) Nat. Pf.-fam. IV.—3, b, p. 187. 
3) 1 ¢ IV—2, p. 27. 4) Nat. Pfi-fam. IV.—4. p. 13. 
5) Loc. IV.—2, p. 118. 6) 1c. IV.—5, p. 74, 
7) Enarur, A.— Erlauterongen, 1. c. p. 370. 8) Nat. Pil.-fam. IV—4, p. 13. 
