154 
Next, come the Plantaginales”. Their relation to the Tubifloree has been 
given above. They are closely allied to the Campanulate in the conformity 
observable in the Plantaginacer” and some genera of the Campanulaces 
in the tetramerous flowers, in the superior ovary, in the absence of the 
medullary rays and in the occasional presence of vessels in medulla and 
cortex. Further, some connection between the Plantaginales and the Tubiflore 
is found when the Plantaginacese and the Borraginacew are compared. 
Then, follow the Rubiales®. As has been discussed above, their connec- 
tions are manifestly with the Parietales, Rosales, Umbellifiore and Tubifiore, 
in this point or that. Nevertheless, the series seems unrelated to any other, 
either closely or loosely, in point of its being near to, or far from, the latter, 
so far as is shown in ENGLER’s system. But, on the contrary, its relations 
are generally exhibited with little regard to nearness or remoteness. Its position 
should, therefore, be dynamic. . 
Next, come the Cucurbitales®. When we regard this series as incorporated 
in the Campanulatee, then the position of the latter series becomes very dynamic; 
as can be seen in a comparison of the Campanulate with the Parietales, 
Tubiflore, Plantaginales, Contortee and Rubiales. But, on the contrary, when 
we think of the Cucurbitales as independent from the Campanulate, then 
the Cucurbitales are related to the Parietales and Tubiflore, as has been 
discussed above, and also to the Campanulate as can be seen in a comparison 
of the Cucurbitaces” and the Campanulaces” (A. Braun). Its position becomes 
in consequence less dynamic. 
Finally, come the Campanulate. These are related to the Ericales, 
* Cucurbitales, Plantaginales, Contortee and Rubiales, as appears in this point 
or that of the discussion thus far. Their position should, therefore, be dynamic. 
The consideration of ENGLrr’s system thus far, when taken together with 
his principle and his explanation, forces me to conclude that his system is a 
complex of many partial manifestations of a real natural system, and that it 
is a system constructed principally with the view of consulting our own con- 
1) Evexer, A.— Erlaiuterungen, 1. ¢. p. 370. 2) Nat. Pfl-fom. IV.—3, b, p. 369. 
3) Evexer, A.— Erlauterungen, 1. c. p, 371. 4) Eweoner, A. — Syllabus, L c. p. 338. 
5) Nat. Pfl.-fam. IV,—5, p. 8. 6) Nat, Pfi.-fam. IV.—5, p. 47. 
