180 
indeterminable in one way, but are changeable according to their natural 
relations. 
13 Cyperacee”: This family is somewhat related to the Graminex and 
to the Juncacexw in habit. Also to the Restionaces, Centrolepidacese and Erio- 
caulaceze in several different characters respectively. 
Series V. Principes 
14 Palme”: With Piytelephas and Nipa as its intermediate members, 
this family approaches the Pandanacez. It also to some extent resembles. 
the Cyclanthacese in its leaves. 
Series VI. Synanthee 
15 Cyclanthacee” : So far as the vegetative organs are concerned, this. 
family is closely related to the Palme; but not so closely to the Aracez in. 
this respect. On the other hand, if we take female flowers as a criterion, 
then it departs widely from the Palme, while coming near the Aracex and 
the Pandanaces. As tu its male flowers, however, it is somewhat comparable 
with the Palme. But, the anatomical structure of certain Cylanthacess is. 
rather that of the Araces”. 
Series VIL. Spathiflore 
16 Aracez: The connection of the family is found to be with the Tacca- 
cee”, Potamogetonacer™, Cyclanthaces”, and Lemnaces® in this or that 
respect. It is also comparable with the Typhaces, Pandanaces and Sparga-- 
niacee in the possession of a spatha and therefore it was formerly incorpo-- 
rated with them to form a group of the Spathiflore”. 
17 Lemnacee®: ‘Their relation tu the Araceze is incontestable. 
Series VILL. Farinose 
18 Fragellariacee™: The 5-whorled flowers with homochlamydeous. 
perianth suggest its relation-ship to the Juncaces. 
1) Nat. Pfl.-fam. II.—2, p. 104. 2) 1. c. IL—8, p. 25. 
3) lc. IL—3, p. 98. 4) Jerrrey, E. C.—l c. p. 413. 
5) Nat. Pfl-fam. I1—5, p. 129. 6) L ¢. IL—1, p. 201. 
7) le. I~, p. 98. 
8) Reypiz.—A. B, The classification of flowering plants, I. p. 382. 
9) Grzsyer, P.—Spargamacere in das Pflanzenreich. IV.—10, p. 7. 
10) lc. IL—4, p. 1. 
