580 



DISEASES OF THE HOESB. 



Fullering. — This is a groove in the ground surface of the shoe. It 

 should pass through two-thirds of the thickness of the shoe, be clean, 

 and of uniform width. It is of advantage in that it makes the shoe 

 lighter in proportion to its width, and, by making the ground surface 

 somewhat rough, tends to prevent slipping. 



Nail holes. — The shoe must be so " punched " that the nail holes will 

 fall directly on the white line. They should be confined to the fore 

 half of front shoes, but may occupy the anterior two-thirds of hind 

 shoes. For a medium-weight shoe three nail holes in each branch are 

 sufficient, but for heavier shoes, especially those provided with long 

 calks, eight holes are about right, though three on the inside and four 

 on the outside may do. 



Clips. — These are half-circu- 

 lar ears drawn up from the 

 outer edge of the shoe either at 

 the toe or opposite the side wall. 

 The height of a clip should 

 equal the thickness of the shoe, 

 though they should be even 

 higher on hind shoes and when a 

 leather sole is interposed be- 

 tween shoe and hoof. Clips se- 

 cure the shoe against shifting. 

 A side clip should always be 

 drawn up on that branch of the 

 shoe that first meets the ground 

 in locomotion. 



SPECIAL PECULIARITIES OF THE 

 CHIEF CLASSES OF SHOES. 



Fig. 7.— Left fore hoof of regular form, shod with (1) -^ shoe for a regular hoof 



a plain " fullered " shoe. Mote the distribution (^fiffS. 7 and 8^ fits when itS 



of the nails, length of the fuller (crease), and Pi j j! n 



the closeness of the ends of the shoe to the Outer border lollows the Wall 



branches of the frog. closely in the region of the nail 



holes and from the last nail to the end of the branch gradually pro- 

 jects beyond the surface of the wall to an eighth of an inch and 

 extends back of the buttresses an amount equal to the thickness of 

 the shoe. The shoe must be straight, firm, air-tight, its nail holes 

 directly over the white line, and its branches far enough from the 

 branches of the frog to permit the passage of a foot pick. Branches 

 of the shoe must be of equal length. 



In fitting a shoe to a hoof of regular form we follow the form of ' 

 the hoof, but in base-wide and base-narrow hoofs, which are of 

 irregular form, we must pay attention not only to the form of the 

 hoof, but also to the direction of the pasterns and the consequent 



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