HYDROLOGY. I45 



The Kettle Range is lined through its whole extent with springs. 

 Its "pots and kettles" are peculiarly adapted to catch and tempora- 

 I rily hold the rainfall, while it is being discharged at the foot of the 

 range, and at other convenient points, in limpid springs. From the 

 depth of drift which the water penetrates, many of these become 

 very constant in flow and uniform in temperature. Dousman's mag- 

 nificent trout spring in the town of Ottawa probably belongs to this 

 class, though it lies so near the great water-bearing horizon between 

 the Lower and Upper Silurian formations, that it may really originate 

 there, though it issues from the drift. Starin's spring, near "Whitewa- 

 ter, the " Big Spring," near Palmyra, and a large number of others in 

 the flats adjacent to the range, without much question, have their res- 

 ervoirs among its hills. 



The numerous lakes along the range are largely fed from similar 

 sources, which accounts for the clearness and purity of their waters. 



Near Lake Michigan, where the lowest beach deposit rests upon 

 the blue bowlder clay, an almost continuous line of small rivulets is- 

 sues from the junction of the two formations, the clay intercepting 

 the descending water while the sand and gravel of the beach foi-ma- 

 tion furnishes a ready passage for it. They are quite varying in 

 chemical character, but are usually inferior in purity and changeable 

 in temperature. 



Analagous to this, there is another line along the lake shore at the 

 upper surface of the lower red clay, which is overlaid by the second 

 beach formation. In cause and character these are altogether similar 

 to the last. 



It would be fitting in this connection to give the analyses of such 

 of the foregoing springs as have received quantitative examination, 

 but a number of these have already been given by Dr. Lapham, in his 

 report on mineral waters, to which the reader is referred. It is 

 proper to add here, however, several analyses made since the writing 

 of that report. 



Wis. Sub. — 10 



