QUATERNARY FORMATIONS — THE DRIFT. 237 



that in the near future their use, already large, will be vastly in- 

 creased. 



The following statistics, though incomplete, will indicate the meth- 

 ods, extent and local details of the industry (1873 and 1874) : 



At Milwaukee there are six yards, at which about 24,000,000 brick 

 are made annually, which are nearly all needed for the local demand. 

 The common brick are sold at $12 per thousand, and the pressed at 

 $25, the value of the entire annual product being about $300,000. A 

 large proportion of the brick are made by machine, steam power be- 

 ing used. The capacity of each machine is about 30,000 brick per 

 day. The kilns consist of from ten to twenty or more arches, each 

 arch numbering 20,000 brick. The product has the light cream 

 color, so well known in the market as the characteristic of "Milwau- 

 kee brick." They are made from a light colored clay, a modified 

 form of the glacial deposit. 



At "The Point," near Racine^ two firms — Messrs. Erskine & 

 Morris, and the Burdick Bros. — manufacture about 3,500,000 cream 

 colored brick per year from red clay and a layer of sand from the 

 overlying beach deposit. Their kilns usually number from 250,000 

 to 500,000, which require from five to seven days in burning. One 

 cord of mixed wood, at a cost of about $5, burns about 5,000 brick. 

 The molding is done by hand, with water instead of molding sand. 

 About forty hands are employed. 



At Ozaukee there are two yards where fine cream colored brick 

 are manufactured from red clay derived from the transition beds be- 

 tween Beach Formation A and the Lower Ked Clay. The brick are 

 sold at $8 per thousand. 



At • Sheboygan Falls 300,000 excellent cream colored brick are 

 burned annually. The kilns contain about 150,000 and require from 

 seven to nine days in burning, consuming one-half a cord of beech 

 and maple wood per thousand brick, the cost of the wood being $3 

 per cord. Eed clay, to which twenty to thirty per cent, of sand is 

 added, is used. The brick are molded by hand, and sell at from $7 

 to $10 per thousand. 



At Manitowoc large quantities of cream colored brick of good 

 quality are made from sandy red clay associated with Beach Forma- 

 tion B. No additional sand is required. The brick are molded dry 

 and by hand. Full statistics were not obtainable. 



At Kewaunee from 75,000 to 100,000 brick are annually made 

 from clay, of essentially the same geological horizon as the above. 

 The product is light colored, and is sold at from $8 to $10 per thou- 

 sand. 



