464 



MANUAL OF ZOOLOGY 



a ;3V9 



n.ot 



having its proximal end divisible into the head proper articu- 

 lating with the centrum of the vertebra, and a tubercle with 

 the transverse process : their distal ends are free, not uniting 

 with the sternum. In the third to the twelfth there are 

 vestigial ribs (Fig. 277, rb), each having its head fused with 

 the centrum, and its tubercle with the transverse process. 

 The whole rib thus has the appearance of a short, backwardly 

 directed transverse process perforated at its base. 



The centra of the cervical vertebrae differ from those of 

 all other Vertebrata in having saddle-shaped surfaces, the 



anterior face (Fig. 277, A) being 

 concave from side to side and 

 convex from above downwards. 

 This peculiar form of vertebra is 

 distinguished as heteroctzlous. 



The first two vertebrse, the 

 atlas and axis, are specially 

 modified. The atlas is a ring- 

 like bone with an articulation on 

 its anterior surface for the single 

 occipital condyle of the skull. 

 The axis has projecting forwards 

 from its centrum, a peg-like pro- 

 cess, the odontoid process, which 

 lies in the lower part of the ring 

 of the atlas. 



Between the last cervical vertebra and the pelvic region 

 come four thoracic vertebra? (Fig. 276), the first three 

 united into a single mass, the fourth free. They all bear 

 ribs, each consisting of a vertebral (vr. r) and a sternal 

 (st. r) portion, and articulating with the vertebra by a double 

 head. Springing from the posterior edge of the vertebral 

 rib is an uncinate (Fig. 276, unc), resembling that of Hatteria 



en, 



Fig. 277. — Columba livia. Cer- 

 vical vertebra; A, anterior; 

 B, posterior face. a. zyg, an- 

 terior zygapophysis; en, cen- 

 trum; n, a, neural arch; p.zyg, 

 posterior zygapophysis; rb, rib; 

 vrb.f, vertebrarterial foramen. 



