458 Evolution and Adaptation 
have begun to get a different conception of how evolution has 
come about. It may be well, therefore, to go once more over 
the main points in regard to the different kinds of variation. 
While it has been found that no two individuals of a 
species are exactly alike, yet, taken as a group, the variations 
appear as though they followed the law of chance. The 
descendants of the group show the same differences. Thus 
the group as a whole appears constant, while the individuals 
fluctuate continually in all directions. This is what we 
understand by fluctuating variation. If the external condi- 
tions are changed, a new “mode”? may appear, but the change 
is generally only a temporary one, and lasts only as long as 
the new conditions remain. Thus, while the direct influence 
of the environment may show for a time, the result is tran- 
sient. Even if it were permanent, there is no evidence that 
the adaptation of organisms could be accounted for in this 
way unless the response were useful. It appears that this 
sometimes really occurs, especially in responses to tempera- 
ture, to moisture, to the amount of salts in solution, to 
poisonous substances, etc. In this way, one kind of adapta- 
tion is brought about, but there is no evidence that the great 
number of structural adaptations have thus arisen. 
The Lamarckian principle of the inheritance of acquired 
characters has also been supposed by many writers to be an 
important source of adaptive variation. An examination of 
this theory is not found to inspire confidence. We have, there- 
fore, eliminated this hypothesis on the ground that it lacks 
evidence in its favor, and also because it appears improbable 
that in this way many of the adaptations in organisms could 
have been acquired. 
Finally, there is the group of discontinuous variations. Of 
these there may be several kinds, and there is some evidence 
showing that there are such. For the present we may in- 
clude all the different sorts under the term mutation, mean- 
ing that the new character or group of characters suddenly 
