FIRST LESSONS IN THE GROSS ANATOMY 

 OF FLOWERING PLANTS. 



Select a -well-grown specimen of any plant, preferably in its 

 flowering and fruiting stage,' and make a study of all its parts in 

 the following order: 



C (3) Leaves ; 

 (4) Buds; 



f(l) Stem, which bears ' (5) Flowbks ; 

 (6) Prtjits; 

 Axis, composed of ■! [ (7) Seeds. 



[(2) Root. 

 Record your observations Tieatly and concisely, making drawings or 

 outline seiches of the more important parts. 



§ 1. The Stem. 



Form. — Most stems are cylindrical, or nearly so, in form, while 

 others a.re flattened, square, triangular, etc. 



Size. — Measure the diameter and height of the stem, using pref- 

 erably the metric scale. 



Surface. — Many stems are smooth, especially when young; but 

 as they grow older they generally become more or less roughened. 

 They may be irregularly roughened, as in many tree-trunks, or 

 they may be somewhat Teg\i\a,i-\y furrowed. Many stems are hairy, 

 the degrees being noted as downy (when soft and not abundant) ; 

 silJcy (when close and glossy); villous (when long and spreading); 

 hispid (when short and stiff), etc. Other appendages of tlie sur- 

 face are prickles, warts, scales, etc. 



Color. — Note the color of the surface of all parts of the stem, 

 including the branches and twigs. 



Structure. — In some stems the softer tissues predominate; these 

 are herbaceous, and tlie plants are herbs. In others the harder tis- 

 sues predominate; these are woody or ligneous plants, and are either 

 shrubs (which are never more than a couple of metres in height, 



