60 BOTANT. 



112. Every plant in its earliest (embryonic) stages is 

 simple and memberless; and every member of any of the 

 higher plants is at first indistinguishable from the rest of 

 the plant-body; it is only in the later growth of any mem- 

 ber that it becomes distinct; in other words, every member 

 is a modification of, and development from, the general 

 plant-body. 



113. Likewise, where equivalent members have a difEer- 

 ent particular form or function, it is only in the later 

 stages of growth that the differences appear. All equi- 

 valent members are alike in their earlier stages, whether, 

 for example, they eventually become broad green surfaces 

 (foliage-leaves), bracts, scales, floral envelopes, or the essen- 

 tial organs of the flower. 



114. These facts make it necessary to have some general 

 terms for the parts of the plant-body which are applicable 

 to them in all their forms. "We must have, for example, a 

 term so generalized as to include foliage-leaves, bracts, 

 scales, floral envelopes, and all the other forms of the so- 

 called leaf -series. So,, too, there is need of a term to in- 

 clude stems, bulb-, bud- and flower-axes, root-stocks, corms, 

 tubers, and the other forms of the so-called stem-series. 



115. By a careful study of the members of the more per- 

 fect plants we find that they may be reduced to four gen- 

 eral forms, viz., (1) Caulome, which includes the stem and 

 the many other members which are found to be its equiva- 

 lent; (2) Phyllome, including the leaf and its equivalents; 



(3) Trichome, which includes all outgrowths or appendages 

 of the surface of the plant, as hairs, bristles, root-hairs, etc. ; 



(4) the Root, which includes, besides ordinary subterranean 

 roots, those of epiphytes, parasites, etc. 



116. As indicated above, in the lower plants the differ- 



