244 BOTANT. 



Order 13 (Oyclanthacese), of a few herbs, and Order 13, the Screw- 

 pines (Pandanacese), of eighty shrubs or trees, are both tropical. 



Series IV. Calycinse. — Perianth small, calyx-like. Ovary free (i.e., 

 not united to the perianth). Endosperm copious. 



Order 14. The Palms (Palmacese). — Trees, shrubs, or woody climb- 

 ers; natives almost exclusively of the torrid zone, or the adjacent 

 hotter portions of the temperate zones, being rarely found beyond 

 40° north and 35° south latitude. Eleven hundred species of palms 

 have been enumerated. 



Order 15. The Rushes (Juncaceae), of which there are 300 species, 

 are widely distributed, while the very small Order 16 (Flagellarieae) 

 is confined to the tropics. 



Series V. Coronariese. — Perianth more or less corolla-like. Ovary 

 free, or rarely attached at the base. Endosperm copious. 



Order 17 (Rapateaceae) contains a few South American herbs. 



Order 18, the Spider-worts (Commelinaceae), includes about 800 

 mostly tropical herbaceous species. 



Order 19 (Mayacese), Order 20, the Yellow-eyed Grasses (Xyri- 

 dacese), Order 31 (Philydracese,) and Order 33, the Pickerel weeds 

 (Pontedei'iacese), are all small orders and consist of herbaceous species. 



Order 33. The Lilies (Liliacese). — These are mostly perennial, her- 

 baceous, rarely shrubby or tree-like plants, with entire leaves, and 

 generally showy flowers. The species, of which there are about 

 2100, are distributed in all climates. 



Order 34 (Roxburghiaceae). 



Series VI. Epigynse. — Perianth more or less corolla-like. Ovary 

 inferior (i.e., united to the perianth so that the latter appears to be 

 on the ovary). Endosperm copious. 



Order 35, the Yams (Dioscoreaceae), and Order 26 (Taccacese), 

 small orders of mostly tropical plants. 



Order 37. The Amaryllids (Amaryllidacese) are mostly perennial 

 herbs, widely distributed. About 650 species are known. 



Order 28. The Irids (Iridacese) are perennial herbs numbering 700 

 species, very generally distributed throughout all regions. 



Order 29. The Bloodworts (Hsemodoraccse), a small order, natives 

 mostly of tlie Southern Hemisphere. 



Order 30. The Pine-apples and their allies (Bromeliaceae), about 

 350 species of warm climates. 



Order 31. The Bananas and their allies (Scitaminese), perennial 

 herbs, sometimes almost tree-like, numbering about 450 species, 

 mostly tropical. 



Series VII. Uicrospermse. — ^Perianth more or less corolla-like. Ova- 

 ry inferior. Seeds minute, without endosperm. 



