PHANEROOAMIA. 255 



destitute of a perianth and are clustered into weak spikes or catkins. 

 Tlie seeds contain a well developed emljryo and no endosperm. 



Series II. TJnisexuales. — Flowers unisexual. Peiiantli none or 

 small. Seeds few or one, wilk little or no endosperm (excepting in 

 Orders 13 and 13). 



Order 5, the Oaks (Cupuliferse), trees and shrubs mostly of the 

 Northern Hemisphere, including, in addition to the oaks proper, the 

 Beeches, Chestnuts, Ironwoods, Hazels, Birches, and Alders. Fpur 

 hundred species are known. 



Order 6, the Beef woods (Casuarineae), a few leafless trees and shrubs 

 with green jointed branches having much the aspect of the horsetails 

 (Equisetum). 



Order 7, the Galeworts (Myricacese), a few aromatic shrubs produc- 

 ing drupe-like fruits. 



Order 8, the Walnuts (Juglandaceae), generally large trees bearing 

 drupe-like fruits enclosing a stony shell. About 30 species are known, 

 widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. 



Order 9 (Leitneriese), and Order 10, the Plane-trees (Platanaceae), 

 each of a few species. 



Order 11, the Nettleworts (Urlicaceae), a large group of herbs, 

 shrubs, and trees (1500 species), often separated into several distinct 

 orders. It includes the Elms, Hackberries, Figs, Mulberries, and in 

 the tropics many other trees. The hop and liemp and many species 

 of nettles are common representatives of the herbs of this order. 



Order 13 (Balanopsese), a few Australian woody plants. 



Order 13. The Spurgeworts (Euphorl)iace8e) include 3000 or more 

 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees, mostly rich' in latex (contained in 

 milk-tissue). The order is mostly tropical, where it abounds in large 

 trees; but the few species found in colder climates are almost entirely 

 small and herbaceous. 



Series III. Achlamydosporeae. — Perianth generally calyx- or corolla- 

 like. Ovules few. Ovule-body without coals, the seeds therefore 

 naked. Endosperm mostly present. 



Order 14 (Balanophorese), Order 15. the Sandalworts (Santalaceje), 

 and Order 16, the Loranths, or Mistletoe Family (Loranthacese), are 

 all more or less parasitic herbs or shrubs. 



Series IV. Daphnales. — Perianth generally calyx like. Ovules few. 

 Endosperm wanting (with few exceptions). Mostly trees and shrubs 

 with perfect flowers (i.e., with both stamens and pistils in the same 

 flower). 



Order 17, the Oleasters (Elseagnacese), a few scurfy-leaved shrubs 

 and trees, widely distributed. 

 Order 18 (Penaeacese), a few South African evergreen shrubs. 



