188 - The Cell 



TEST QUESTIONS 



Define the term "fungi." Name eight kinds 

 of fungi. 



Identify and exemplify each of the following 11. 

 terms: (a) mycelium; (b) hypha; (c) rhizoids; 

 (d) sporangiophore. 12. 



Name at least three kinds of saprophytic or- 

 ganisms. What is distinctive about this mode 

 of nutrition? 13. 



Discuss anaerobic metabolism in yeast. What 

 is the significance of this tvpe of metabolism 

 (a) to the yeast? (b) to mankind? 

 How are the yeast and the bread mold dif- 

 ferent, as regards their capacity to utilize: 

 (a) starch; and (b) nitrate salts, present in the 

 culture medium? 14. 



Differentiate between decay and putrefaction. 

 What mode of nutrition is exemplified by 

 the organisms that are involved in these 15. 

 processes? 



Name three kinds of bacteria that are im- 

 portant in the decomposition of carbohy- 

 drates and fats, specifying the product or 

 products formed by each. 16. 



Specify the final end products of decay and 

 putrefaction (taking these processes as a 17. 

 whole). 



Explain the general importance of decay and 18. 

 putrefaction in relation to: (a) the kinds of 

 matter that are disposed of; and (b) the 

 kinds of matter that are liberated. 19. 



What is a parasite? Differentiate between 



harmful and neutral parasitism, citing two 

 examples in each case. 



Explain the nature of symbiosis, citing at 

 least three specific examples. 

 Explain the phrase "cyclic usage of the lood 

 elements," using the carbon cycle to exem 

 plify the discussion. 



Name five different kinds of bacteria that 

 play a significant role in the nitrogen cvcle. 

 and in each case specify: (a) the habitat of 

 the species: (b) its mode of nutrition; and 

 (c) the nitrogen compounds used and pro- 

 duced by the species (use equations, if pos- 

 sible). 



Classify various organisms on the basis of 

 their nutrition, naming at least one specific 

 organism in every group. 

 Explain the relation of light energy to the 

 other lorms of energy expended by living 

 organisms. How is this problem related to 

 the eventual extinction of life upon this 

 planet? 



How was the early environment of the earth 

 different from that of today? 

 What was the nature of the earliest organ- 

 isms? 



What is the basis for deciding that the first 

 living things could not have been green 

 plants? 



Does life exist elsewhere in the universe? 

 Explain. 



FURTHER READINGS 



4. 



The Life of Bacteria, by K. V. Thimann; New 



York, 1955. 



The Fitness of the Environment, by L. J. 



Henderson; New York, 1913. 



The Microbial World, rev. ed., by R. Y. Stan- 



ier; Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1963. 



Tin- Origin of Life, by A. I. Oparin; New 



York, 1953. 



Great Experiments in Biology, ed. by M. Ga- 

 briel and S. Fogel; sections by Redi, Spallan- 

 zani, and Pasteur; Englewood Cliffs, N. J.. 

 1955. 



Chemical Evolution, by Melvin Calvin; Con- 

 don Lectures, Oregon State University: 1. 

 From Molecule to Microbe, and 2. The Origin 

 of Life on Earth and Elsewhere. 



