258 - Multicellular Plants 



TEST QUES 



1. How do the "holdfasts" of the algae differ in 8 

 structure and function from the true roots of 

 higher plants? 



2. What factors help to explain the fact that 

 the algae have remained in a relatively un- 

 differentiated state as compared to most ter- 

 restrial plants? 9 



3. Compare the tissues of the Bryophyta with 

 the corresponding tissues of the vascular 

 plants. To what extent do these differences 

 account for the greater "success" of the 

 higher plants? Explain. 



4. Identify: (a) meristem tissue; (b) epidermis; 



(c) chlorenchyma; (d) storage parenchyma; 10 

 (e) bast fibers: (f) wood fibers; (g) sieve tubes; 

 (h) ducts: (i) xylem: (j) phloem. 



5. Specify the major nutritive organs of the 

 vascular plants and explain the main func- 

 tions of each. 



6. Differentiate between woody and herbaceous 

 stems. 



7. A. Make labeled diagrams showing the essen- 

 tial features of: 



a. the one-year-old stem of a dicotyledon- 11 

 ous plant, as seen in cross section; 



b. a rootlet (long section); 



c. a typical leaf (cross section). 12 

 B. State the function or functions of each 

 labeled part. 



TIONS 



Define and discuss transpiration, emphasiz- 

 ing: 



a. how it is energized 



b. its magnitude and how it is controlled 



c. its effect upon the rise of sap 



d. its relation to the leaf temperature 

 Define and discuss root pressure, emphasiz- 

 ing: 



a. the fundamental nature of the phe- 

 nomenon 



b. how it is measured 



c. how it is maintained 



d. its effectiveness in elevating the sap 



. Assuming that a plant has synthesized 100 

 grams of glucose, about how much of this 

 matter would be: 



a. oxidized to provide energy for con- 

 structive metabolism 



b. transformed into starch 



c. transformed into cellulose 



d. transformed (together with inorganic 

 salts) into proteins and other structural 

 components of the protoplasm? 



. Explain the importance of starch storage: 



a. from the plant "viewpoint" 



b. from the viewpoint of mankind 

 Explain how respiration occurs in the leaves, 

 stem, and roots of a seed plant. Specify two 

 conditions that frequently cause an asphyxi- 

 ation of roots. 



FURTHER READINGS 



1. Translocation in Plants, by A. S. Crafts; New 5. The World of Plant Life, by C. J. Hylander; 

 York, 1961. New York, 1956. 



2. Plant Physiology, by B. M. Duggar; New 6. Botany, 3d ed., by C. L. Wilson and W. E. 

 York, 1927. Loomis; New York, 1962. 



3. Botany, by P. Weatherwax; Philadelphia, 7. The Living Plant, by Peter M. Ray; New 

 1956. York. 1963.' 



4. College Botany, rev. ed., by Harry J. Fuller 

 and Oswald Tippo: New York. 1954. 



