Absorption, Metabolism, and the Diet - 355 



TEST QUESTIONS 



Specify three factors that account for the 

 fact that a large proportion of our organic 



2. 



3. 



10. 

 11. 

 12. 



13. 



food can be absorbed from the small intes- 

 tine. 



Make a labeled diagram of one of the in- 

 testinal villi, showing its relations to the 

 blood vessels and lymphatics of the intestinal 

 wall. 



What factors help to explain the fact that 

 fatty components of our foods are absorbed 

 mainly into the lymph stream rather than 

 into the blood stream? 



What factors account for the fact that the 

 end products of the digestion of our nonfatty 

 foods are absorbed mainly into the blood 

 stream rather than into the lymph stream? 

 Specify at least five metabolic functions per- 

 formed by the liver. How can you account 

 for the fact that the vertebrate liver has 

 assumed so many important functions? 

 Under what circumstances would you expect 

 to find: 



a. galactose and benzoic acid in all parts 

 of the blood stream 



b. that blood entering the liver (portal 

 blood) contains more glucose than 

 blood leaving the liver (hepatic blood) 



c. that the hepatic blood contains more 

 glucose than the portal blood? 



How are (b) and (c) of the previous question 

 related to glycogen storage and the mainte- 

 nance of a steady blood-sugar level? 

 What are the symptoms of hypoglycemia and 

 hyperglycemia, and how are these conditions 

 related to insulin and adrenalin? 

 When the diet is very low in protein foods, 

 scarcely any of the absorbed amino acids are 

 deaminated in the body and very little urea 

 appears in the urine. Explain fully. 

 A high protein diet is accompanied by a 

 large urea production. Explain. 

 In man's liver and kidney the deamination 

 reactions are quite different. Explain fully. 

 Explain why the total energy expenditures 

 of the body are measured in terms of Calo- 

 ries (heat units). 



What is meant by the basal metabolism of an 

 individual; how is the B.M. usually meas- 

 ured; and why is this basic energy expendi- 

 ture essential for the maintenance of life? 



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14. Assuming that the energy deficit is made up 

 partly (2/ 3 ) by sacrificing the glycogen re- 

 serves and partly (y 3 ) by oxidizing reserve 

 fat, how much weight will a man lose in one 

 week if his daily food provides only 2000 

 Calories while his daily work demands an ex- 

 penditure oi 2500 Calories? 

 During starvation, the organic components 

 of the body are sacrificed in such a way that 

 a maximum time of survival is assured. Ex- 

 plain fully. 



The daily diets of four college students are 

 given below. Appraise each diet and explain 

 the consecjuences of the deficiencies (if 

 any): 

 Diet A: 



Water, salts, and vitamins, adequate 

 Fats, 100 grams 

 Starch, 100 grams 

 Protein, 50 grams 

 Diet B: 



Water, adequate 



Salts, adequate quantity but lacking in 



iodides 

 Vitamins, adequate 

 Carbohydrates, 500 grams 

 Fats, 50 grams 

 Proteins, 25 grams 

 Diet C: 



Water, salts, and vitamins, adequate 

 Proteins, 600 grams 

 Fats, 50 grams 



Carbohydrates, virtually none 

 Diet D: 



Water, salts, and vitamins, adequate 

 Carbohydrates, 400 grams 

 Fats, 50 grams 



Proteins (all from corn and gelatin), 200 

 grams 

 Select any one of the known vitamins and 

 explain how and why it is typical of the 

 vitamins generally. 

 18. The physiological roles of some of the vita- 

 mins are now partially understood. Explain 

 this statement carefully, citing at least six 

 specific examples. 



A doctor's new patient is observed to have 

 bow legs and poor teeth, and he stumbles 

 over a footstool in the dimly lighted office. 

 Prescribe: 



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