446 - Multicellular Animals, Especially Man 



14. Explain the nature and function of shivering. 



15. Make a diagram to show the fine structure of 

 a single skeletal muscle fiber. Label the 

 bands (A, H, I, and Z) and clearly differenti- 

 ate between the thick (myosin) and the thin 

 (actin) filaments. 



16. Briefly explain a current theory as to how 

 shortening (contraction) may occur. 



17. Distinguish between a tetanic and a tonic 

 contraction. Explain why the tonic contrac- 

 tions of visceral muscle are peculiarly well 

 adapted to the functional responsibilities of 

 this tissue. 



18. All glands perform work in extracting the 

 components of their secretions and in con- 

 centrating these substances, but some glands 

 also achieve the synthesis of special products. 

 Classify the glands of the body according to 

 this criterion. 



20. 



21. 



Briefly discuss electric organs in relation to: 

 (a) the origin of the discharge; (b) the magni- 

 tude of the discharge; (c) the usefulness to 

 the possessor. 



Briefly discuss bioluminescence with reference 

 to: (a) the occurrence in nature; (b) the use 

 to the organism; (c) the metabolic origin of 

 the light; (d) the efficiency compared to other 

 kinds of light emissions. 



Changes of color, shade, and pigment pattern 

 in the skin of a fish (Fig. 24-14) are produced 

 by unicellular effectors. Explain this statement 

 carefully, using a diagram to show how the 

 pigment cells behave when a fish darkens and 

 pales according to the background. 

 To what extent are the pigment tells of the 

 fish, amphibians, and reptiles controlled: (a) 

 by the nervous system; (b) by the endocrine 

 system? 



FURTHER 



Muscular Movement in Man, by A. V. Hill; 

 New York. 1927. 



Color Changes of Animals in Relation to 

 Nenious Activity, by G. H. Parker; Philadel- 

 phia, 1936. 



READINGS 



3. "The Contraction of Muscle," by H. E. 

 Huxley; in Scientific American, November 

 1958. 



4. "Biological Luminescence," by W. D. McElroy 

 and H. H. Seliger; in Scientific American, 



December 1962. 



