Responses of Higher Animals: The Nervous System - 471 



12. 



13. 



14. 



15. 



ergic; (1) noradrenaline; (g) adrenergic; (h) 



microvesicles, or microsecretory vesicles; (i) 



serotonin; (j) factor S; (k) factor I. 



Discuss the various functions of the cell body 



and dendritic regions of neurons. 



Explain the terms: (a) pacemaker potential; 



(b) decremental conduction; (c) generator 

 potential. 



How does the central nervous system of a 

 vertebrate such as man differ from that of an 

 invertebrate such as the earthworm in regard 

 to: (a) general structure and position in the 

 body; (b) relative development of the "higher 

 centers"; (c) general function? 

 Differentiate between gray matter and white 

 matter: (a) in general; (b) in the spinal cord; 



(c) in the cerebrum and cerebellum. 

 Differentiate between: (a) somatic and vis- 

 ceral reflexes; (b) the cranial and the spinal 

 nerves; (c) the dorsal and ventral roots of a 

 spinal nerve. 



Carefully describe the results of each of the 

 following operations: 



a. cutting the dorsal root of one spinal 

 nerve 



b. cutting the ventral root of a spinal 

 nerve 



c. a right hemisection of the spinal cord 



d. cutting the olfactory nerves (cranial 

 nerve, I) 



e. cutting the facial nerves (VII) 



f. cutting the vagus nerves (X) 

 Differentiate between: 



a. the functions of the cerebrum and the 

 cerebellum 



b. the sensory and motor areas of the 

 cerebral cortex 



c. sensory and motor tracts 



d. the pain-temperature tracts and the 

 touch-pressure tracts 



18. How do visceral reflexes differ from somatic 

 reflexes in regard to: (a) the innervation of 

 the effector organs; (b) myelination of the 

 motor nerve fibers? 



19. Explain the antagonistic action of the sym- 

 pathetic and parasympathetic nerves, using 

 the heart and the digestive tract to exemplify 

 the discussion. 



20. Differentiate between: 



a. lateral and collateral ganglia 



b. sympathetic and parasympathetic gan- 

 glia 



c. preganglionic and postganglionic neu- 

 rons 



21. Describe an experiment that demonstrates 

 the existence of: (a) a parasympathetic ex- 

 citatory substance (acetylcholine); (b) a 

 sympathetic neurohumor (noradrenaline). 



22. Distinguish clearly between (a) simple and 

 compound reflexes and (b) conditioned and 

 unconditioned reflexes, citing at least one 

 example in each case. 



23. Briefly discuss the relations between: 



a. unconditioned responses and the sur- 

 vival of a species 



b. facilitation and the establishment of 

 conditioned reflexes 



c. the development of the cerebral cortex 

 and an animal's capacity to form con- 

 ditioned reflexes 



FURTHER READINGS 



Forced Movements, Tropisms, and Animal 



Conduct, by Jacques Loeb; Philadelphia. 



1918. 



The Integrative Action of the Nervous System, 



by C. S. Sherrington, New York, 1947. 



Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes, by I. P. 

 Pavlov; New York, 1928. 



Articles by Donald Kennedy, Ernst Florev, 

 and Theodore H. Bullock in American Zoolo- 

 gist, vol. 2, no. 1, 1962. 



