DISEASES BORNE BY NON-BITING FLIES 121 



in Mu^ca domestica, according to Shircore (1916), whorecorded eggs of 

 this species in flies in British East Africa. The cercaria stage is passed 

 in a snail. 



Nemathelmmthes : Nematoda : Spiruridae 



Hdbronema muscae (Carter) Diesing, a STOMACH WORM OF 

 HORSES, pg,sses its earlier stages in Musca domestica, according to Ran- 

 som (1913). Either the egg or first-stage larva is ingested by the fly 

 larva breeding in horse manure. Development goes on within the fly 

 larva and pupa, the last stage being found in the proboscis of the adult 

 fly. It passes to horses through the swallowing of infested flies and 

 probably may also leave the proboscis of the fly while the insect is feeding 

 on the mucous membranes of the horse. 



Van Saceghem (1917, 1918) placed flies bred from larvae fed on 

 infected manure, on skin lesions of a horse and produced infections of 

 EQUINE GRANULAR DERMATITIS, caused by the presence of 

 Habronema larvae in the skin. 



Hdbronema microstoma (Schneider) Ransom and H. megastoma 

 (Rudolphi) Seurat have also bee^i shown to pass their developmental 

 stages in Musca domestica. (See Chapter V.) 



Nemathelmmthes: Nematoda: Ascaridae 



Ascaris lumbricoides Linnaeus, the cause of HUMAN ASCARIASIS, 

 does not require an intermediate host. Stiles in 1889 fed Musca domestica 

 larvae on female Ascaris and later found the eggs in diff'erent stages of 

 development in both larvje and adult flies (Graham-Smith, 1913). Shir- 

 core (1916) in British East Africa found the eggs in the intestines of 

 Mmca domestica in nature. NichoUs (1912) in St. Lucia found the 

 eggs in the abdomens of flies, Borborus pimctipermis Macquart {Limo- 

 sina), taken at fecal matter. (See Chapter V.) 



Nemathelmmthes: Nematoda: Oxyuridae 



Oxyuris Curmda Rudolphi, the EQUINE PINWORM, is recorded 

 by Patton and Cragg (1913), as probably the species of Oxyuris, which 

 in Madras is often found in the embryo stage heavily infesting the larva 

 of Musca nebulo. 



Oxyuris vermicvlaris Linnaeus, the HUMAN PINWORM, can be 

 ingested in the egg stage by flies, according to Grassi (1883). 



