210 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGY 



sion of anthrax, the earliest being by Montfils in 1776. Hintermayer 

 (1846) studied an epidemic which raged among the deer in the Park of 

 Duttstein. The horse flies, Tabanus bovimus Loew, Haemotopota plu- 

 vialis (Linnaeus), and Chrysops coecutiens (Linnaeus) assembled usually 

 in thousands on the carcasses of the fallen animals and sucked the pro- 

 fluvia which escaped from the mouth, nose, and vent. Leaving the bodies 

 they immediately sought the healthy animals, thrust their proboscides 

 soiled with the virus into the skin and in this way inoculated the poison 

 of the disease. Mitzmain (1914) proved that Tabanus striatus Fabricius 

 and the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans Linnaeus, can transmit the disease 

 by their bites. Schuberg and Kuhn (1912) transferred anthrax infection 

 from a cadaver to a living animal through the bite of Stomoxys cal- 

 citrans. 



Morris (1918) working on anthrax in Louisiana proved that the 

 horn fly Lyperosia irritans Linnaeus (Haematobia) when biting an in- 

 fected guinea pig four hours or less before its death and up to fifteen 

 minutes after death can transmit infection. One hundred and eighty- 

 four experiments on different guinea pigs were made during these time 

 limits and infection was conveyed in 34 per cent of the cases. Forty 

 experiments outside of these time limits were unsuccessful. One out of 

 two tests with the flies feeding on an infected sheep thirty minutes before 

 death yielded infection in a guinea pig, and all tests of biting in the quar- 

 ter hours before and after death of the sheep yielded infection in guinea 

 pigs. 



He also tested a species of Tabanus and proved transmission in 40 

 per cent of 70 cases in which the flies bit between four hours before death 

 and five minutes after death. Virulent cultures of anthrax were obtained 

 in nature by Morris from Tabanus dtratus Fabricius caught feeding on 

 a carcass. This species will feed on a carcass thirty minutes or more 

 after death. 



He likewise determined the spores in the feces of the Lyperosia up to 

 six hours after feeding, of the Tabanus one to twelve hours after 

 feeding, and of mosquitoes 48 to 72 hours after feeding. 



The above cited evidence should be sufficient to emphasize the absolute 

 necessity of isolating and protecting from bloodsucking insects, animals 

 sick with anthrax. Valuable animals should likewise be kept in screened 

 buildings during outbreaks of the disease. 



Thallophyta: Fungi: Schizomycetes : Coccaceae 



Staphylococcus pyogenes albus and aureus Rosenbach, the causative 

 organisms of various types of SEPTICAEMIA, were obtained by Joly 

 (1898) from a Tabanus on a heifer near a municipal vaccine station. 



