228 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGY 



quently serve as blood hosts and are considered the reservoirs of the fevers 

 carried, especially pappataci fever. 



FAMILY CULICIDAE 



The mosquitoes which in an orderly arrangement would be treated 

 here have been considered in other lectures (Chapters XVII to XIX).,' 



The families so far discussed belong to the Nematocera; the next 

 family belongs in the Brachycera. 



FAMILY TABANIDAE 



Horse Flies 



The family Tabanidae contains the horse flies, gad flies, deer flies, 

 many genera and species of bloodsuckers. The males throughout the 

 family are flower feeders or feed on vegetable juices, and so likewise are 

 the females in many genera. The eggs of Tabanidae are commonly laid 

 in large, shapely masses on the leaves and stems of plants growing in 

 marshy ground, or overhanging water. In some species they are deposited 

 on stones or rocks above the water of streams, and are very difficult to 

 discover. 



Mr. Webb has discussed for us the habits of Tabanus (Chapter 

 XVI). We have seen also that species of Tabanus can carry the animal 

 diseases anthrax, nagana, souma, surra, and mbori. The genus Atylotus 

 can carry nagana and dourine ; Haematopota, surra and equine infectious 

 anemia ; Chrysops and Chrysozona are probable carriers of equine infec- 

 tious anemia. Various other genera are bad bloodsuckers, especially 

 Pangonia. 



Tabanid larvas grow very slowly, feeding at first on small crustaceans 

 which are abundant in water and moist earth. The larger larvas of many 

 species feed almost exclusively on earth worms, whose body juices they 

 suck out. Although the larval stage may require months for development, 

 the pupal stage will usually be short. 



FAMILY MUSCIDAE 



The flies of the family Muscidae are mostly not bloodsucking flies. 

 Principal among these genera which have the mouth shaped for sucking 

 blood are the genera Glossina, Stomoxys, Lyperosia, Philaematomyia and 

 Haematobia. 



Bloodsucking Fly Larvae 



The genus Auchmeromyia of Africa is very peculiar in that both larva; 

 and adults are bloodsuckers. The adult flies are sensitive to light and are 



