250 SANITARY ENTOMOLOGY 



Mastigophora: Binucleata: Leucocytozoidae 



Lewcocytozoon damlewskyi Ziemann (1898), cause of an AVIAN 

 ANEMIA, passes its schizogony in the owls Glaucidimm noctuae and Syr- 

 nium aluco, and its sporogony in the mosquito Cvlex pipiens Linnaeus. 

 The mosquito sucks up from the blood of the bird the gametocytes or pre- 

 liminary stages of the sexual forms. These are taken into the stomach 

 of the mosquito. The microgametocytes or male forms escape from their 

 capsules, and the nuclei break up into eight double chromosomes, which are 

 reduced to eight simple chromosomes. These travel to the periphery and 

 form the microgametes. The macrogametocytes develop into macro- 

 gametes. The gametes then conjugate and form the ookinetes, which 

 are of three forms, male, female, and indiiFerent. These break up into 

 very minute trypanosome-like bo^es of the three forms which may divide 

 by longitudinal fission. These are the forms which are inoculated into 

 the owl by the bite of the mosquito. (See Castellani and Chalmers, p. 

 303.) 



Mastigophora: Binucleata: Trypanosomidae 



Throughout this volume Chalmers' new classification of the Trypano- 

 some genera is adopted, as it gives an arrangement which most nearly 

 corresponds to the biological relationships. 



Castellanella hrucei (Plimmer and Bradford 1899) (Trypanosoma), 

 the cause of NAGANA and JINJA, African animal diseases, is normally 

 transmitted by species of Glossina, but Martin, Leboeuf, and Roubaud 

 (1908) successfully transmitted the disease from an infected to a healthy 

 cat by a species of Mansonia. 



Castellanella evansi (Steel 1885) (Trypanosoma), the cause of 

 SURRA in animals, is normally carried by biting flies, especially the 

 Tabanidae, but Mitzmain (1914) records experiments with mosquitoes 

 in which the parasite lived 42 hours in Aedes argent eus (calopus) and 30 

 hours in Culex quvnquefasciatus (fatigans) and C. ludlowi Blanchard. 



Castellanella gambiense (Dutton 1902) (Trypanosoma) , the cause of 

 GAMBIAN SLEEPING SICKNESS of man, is normally carried by 

 tsetse flies of the genus Glossina, but Roubaud and Lafont (1914) gave 

 experimental evidence that it can be transmitted by Aedes argenteus 

 {Stegomyia calopus). Heckenroth and Blanchard (1913) succeeded in 

 transmitting the disease by the bite of Mansonioides u/niformis Theobald 

 from guinea pig to guinea pig, when both were in the same cage, and also 

 when not in contact, 24 hours after the mosquito had bitten the infected 

 animal. 



Castellanella rhodesiense (Stephens and Fantham 1910) (Try- 

 panosoma), the cause of RHODESIAN SLEEPING SICKNESS, is 



