DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY MOSQUITOES 257 



modmm. maianae Laveran (1881). The following species of mosquitoes 

 have been proven to be carriers : 



Anopheles algeriensis Theobald was proven by Sergent and Sergent 

 (1906) to be a carrier in Algeria. 



A. costalis Loew was shown by Ross, Annett, and Austen (1900) to 

 be a carrier in Africa. 



A. culicifacies Giles is the most common Indian carrier and its rela- 

 tionship to this organism was proven by Stephens and Christophers, 



A. fidigmosus Giles is not an active carrier in India but Stephens and 

 Christophers demonstrated the zygotes of this organism. 



A. fiunesta Giles is an active and important carrier in Africa, its 

 role being proven by Ross, Annett, and Austen (1900). 



A. maculip^mus Meigen is the common European carrier. 



A. myzoTtiyifacies Theobald is a carrier in Algeria according to Ser- 

 gent and Sergent (1906). 



A. quadrimacvlattis Say was proven a carrier in the United States by 

 Beyer, Pothier, Couret, and Lemann (1902). 



A. rossii Giles was proven capable of transmitting this organism in 

 India by Stephens and Christophers. 



A. sinensis Wiedemann was shown to be a carrier in China and South- 

 eastern Asia by Tsuzuki. 



A. stephensi Liston is claimed to be a carrier in India by Christophers 

 (1916). 



A. theobaldi Giles was proven a carrier in India by Stephens and 

 Christophers, who demonstrated zygotes in experimental mosquitoes. 



Thus it will be seen that only one species of mosquito in America, 

 quadrimactdatus, has been demonstrated to be a carrier of quartan 

 malaria. 



TERTIAN MALARIA. — Tertian malaria is caused by Plasmodium 

 vivax Grassi and Feletti (1892). It has been shown to be carried in 

 various parts of the world by the following mosquitoes : 



Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann was found to be a common carrier 

 in Panama by Darling (1910), who demonstrated zygotes and sporo- 

 zoites. 



A. barbirostris Van der Wulp is recorded by Christophers (1916) as 

 a carrier in India. 



A. bifurcatus Linnaeus is recorded as a carrier in Europe by Grassi. 



A. costalis Loew was shown by Ross, Annett, and Austen to be a car- 

 rier in Africa. 



A. crucians Wiedemann was proven by Mitzmain (1916) to be capable 

 of carrying this organism in Louisiana. Sporozoites were obtained. 



A. culicifacies Giles is recorded as the commonest carrier in India 

 by Stephens and Christophers. 



