CONTENTS OUTLINE. XI 



mentation to be aoodurited foi'by metabolism, 163; examples illus- 

 trating the ' method , of pigment ass-umptiou, 163; su'coessional 

 taxology, 164; further examples of successional taxology, 164; 

 study of the pattern of markings on the wing of Falco sparverius, 

 165; the significance of successional taxology, 169; natural selec- 

 tion as a factor in the origination of feather marks; 170; repeti- 

 tive Eiarks, 171; hybrid feathers, 172; examples of hybrid feathers, 

 173; classification of the different forms of hybrid feat hers, 174; 

 explanation of the different forms of hybrid feathers, 174; pseudo- 

 hybrids, 177. ' ' 



On the General Patterns oe BirC Colors '. ; . . 179 



Elmer's law of posterior-anterior progression of markings, 179; 

 markings of the primitive plumage, 180; characteristic types of 

 markings, and those which seldom or never occur, 180; Dr. Har- 

 rison Allen on the relation between large masses of muscular and 

 nervous tissue and color patches, 182; on the location of color 

 patches on the most conspicuous pa^rts of the body, 183; the 

 superciliary stripe, 185; on the markings of the head, ' 186; rela- 

 tion between laws of growth and selection in the production of 

 these markings, 190; wing markings, 190; tail' markings, 191. 



Recognition Marks 193 



Markings considered from the Standpoint of their utility, 193; 

 Poulton's classification on this basis, 194; protective colors (pro- 

 cryptic), 195; aggressive colors (anticryptic), 197;' false warning 

 colors (pseudosematic), 198; warning colors (aposematic), 200; 

 recognition marks proper (episematic), 200; Wallace on recogni- 

 tion marks, 200; Todd on directive colors, 201; classification of 

 recognition markings, 201; recognition at a distance and at close 

 range, 203; recognition markings among the grouse, pigeons and 

 hawks, 204; tail markings of the Caprimulgidae, 207; law of sexual 

 recognition, 209; socialistic markings, 210. 



VAEIATION OP COLOK WITH SEX, AGE AND SEASON 211 



Individual variation in bird markings, 211; epigainic colors, 211; 

 Darwin's classification of birds according to the variations in 

 plumage with sex, age, and season, 212; additional classes, 213; 

 revised table of classification, 214; male like female, young like 

 adult, 214; male like female, young differ from adult, 216; re- 

 semblance of sexes differing with the seasons, or both sexes alike 

 and varying with the seasons, 218; male more conspicuously 

 colored, young like female, 221; male more conspicuously col- 

 ored, young witb peculiar first plumage, 222; male more con- 

 spicuously colored, young of each sex resembles its respective 

 adult, 223; adult male more conspicuously colored, young male 

 unlike adults of either sex, 224. 



