1U4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 



marks, which had been previously thouglit to be of no 

 significance, were in reality of use as a means of recog- 

 nition by the individuals of a species among themselves, 

 or by the individuals of one species of other allied 

 forms. Mr. E. B. Poulton has elaborated and system- 

 atized the various theories of color marks, principally 

 as originally presented by Mr. Wallace, and I will use 

 his classification and terminology as given in his work 

 On the Colors of Animals, merely simplifying it so as 

 to exclude such classes as are not found among birds. 

 His table of colors classified according to their uses may 

 be modified for the present purpose as follows: 



A. APTATIC COLORS (dei-cilful). Causing an animal to resemble its 

 enTironment, or to be mistaken for some other species. 



I. Cryptic Colors. Protective and aggressive resemblance. 

 1. Procriijilk- — Protective. 



„ , 4 i- 11 f Variable. 



u,. General pTotective resemblances p , . 



6. Special protective resemblance. 

 '2. ^4 ntkryptic — Aggressive. 



^1 . 1 1 ( Variable. 



c. Cieueral aggressive resemblance- ,-, , . 



°° ( Constant. 



d. Special. 



II. P.SEUDOSEMATIC CoLORS. False warning and signaling. 



1. Pseudaposematic — Deceptively suggesting something dangerous 



to an enemy, 



2. Pseudepisematic (alluring colors). Deceptively suggesting some- 



thing attractive to prey. 



B. SEMATIC COLORS {slunalhig). Warning and signaling colors. 

 I. AposEM.iTic Colors. Warning colors. 



II. Eplsematic Colors. Recognition marks. 



1. Dirvclh-r. 



ri. Hecognition by distant stragglers. 



b. In close flight. 



c. In migrations. 



2. Di.scrimiiuilivc. 



3. Sexual. 



4. Socialistic. 



d. In darkness of uignt. 



e. In burrow. 



/. In care for young. 



C. EPIGAMIC COLORS. Colors displayed in courtship. 



