ABNORMAL MILK. 61 
a larger amount of milk drawn from a cow yielding more milk, 
providing the cleanliness of the udder and manner of milking 
were the same. Cows givinga good quantity of milk always 
seem to have a cleaner udder. This has been laid to the more 
vigorous circulation of the blood in the udder of the cow that 
yields a larger portion of milk. 
When cows calve once a year, and have rest of about seven 
weeks previous to parturition, if proper precautions are taken 
concerning cleanliness, they seldom yield milk from which a 
first-class quality of butter cannot be produced. In practice 
this regularity of calving does not always exist. Several in- 
stances have come within the author’s notice where cows have 
been in milk for two years or more without coming in fresh. 
Such a condition happens quite frequently on small farms, 
where the cows kept are so few that it is deemed imprac- 
ticable to keep a bull. As a consequence cows are not 
served at the proper time, and great irregularities in calving 
are introduced. 
At times it also happens that cows become barren. In 
such a case they are usually milked as long as they will pro- 
duce even a very small quantity of milk. Milk produced under 
such conditions is likely to become abnormal in character. 
It may remain normal with a slight increase in the fat-content. 
The abnormal milk, so often complained of, is usually brought 
about by similar circumstances. It is a common belief that 
milk yielded from such animals always contains a high fat- 
content, but it may contain very little fat. It may be salty. 
It may also appear normal, and the cream when separated 
appear viscous and dead. Boggild states that the milk at the 
creamery from one barren cow has more than once pro- 
duced difficult churning. 
Milk from Spayed Cows.—H. Lennat has given this kind of 
milk considerable study. He finds that milk from spayed 
cows may vary in quality to the same extent as milk from normal 
cows. The solids of milk, as a rule, increase as the spayed 
cow advances in the milk-giving period. Especially was this 
