CHAPTER XVI. 
CHURNING AND WASHING BUTTER. 
Definition —By churning we understand the agitation of 
cream to such an extent as to bring the fat-globules together 
into masses of butter of such size as to enable the maker to 
separate them from the buttermilk. 
The agitation may be brought about in several different 
Fia. 135.—Ancient method of churning Fic. 136.—The Dash churn. 
in skin bags. 
ways, and by different shaped devices, which are called churns. 
The methods of churning, like the process of separation, began’ 
with primitive methods. The ancients churned their milk, 
without separation, in bags made from the skins of animals. 
The next step in advance was to place milk or cream in bottles 
or jars, and then to shake them. This latter method of churn- 
226 
